{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T15:04:12Z","timestamp":1763910252272,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agency of Sanitary Defence of Agriculture and Livestock of the State of Par\u00e1 (Ag\u00eancia de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria do Estado do Par\u00e1\u2014ADEPAR\u00c1)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glanders is an anthropozoonosis caused by the bacteria Burkholderia mallei, affecting mainly equids. It has been eradicated in North America, Australia, and Western Europe, but continues to occur sporadically in countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America. Its notification is mandatory by the World Organization for Animal Health. After 30 years, the disease reappeared in Brazil in 1999 and, thereafter, 1,413 outbreaks have been reported. However, the epidemiological situation of the disease in the country is not adequately known. Thus, 2718 animals from 654 properties in the state of Par\u00e1 were randomly selected by sampling and examined using a serial protocol with Complement Fixation and Western Blot serological tests. The prevalence of properties infected with glanders in the state was estimated at 1.68% [0.84; 3.33] and of seropositive animals at 0.50% [0.27; 0.94]. The introduction of animals was individualized as a risk factor for disease introduction in the properties (OR = 5.9 [1.4; 25.5]). Despite the low prevalence of infected properties and seropositive animals, the state must review actions to fight the disease, considering that the strategies implemented have not affected the endemic balance of the disease. This process must involve all public and private agents interested in the topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T02:04:52Z","timestamp":1675130692000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological Situation of Glanders in the State of Par\u00e1, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana Paula Vilhena Beckman","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency of Sanitary Defence of Agriculture and Livestock of the state of Par\u00e1, Travessa Mariz de Barros, 1184, Bel\u00e9m CEP 66080-008, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeferson Jac\u00f3","family":"Fuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Esplanada dos Minist\u00e9rios, Bloco D, Bras\u00edlia CEP 70043-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jefferson Pinto de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency of Sanitary Defence of Agriculture and Livestock of the state of Par\u00e1, Travessa Mariz de Barros, 1184, Bel\u00e9m CEP 66080-008, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Augusto","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Henrique Hildebrand","family":"Grisi-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Bryan","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelise Oliveira","family":"Telles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Soares","family":"Ferreira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health\u2014WOAH (2022, December 06). Animal Diseases: Glanders, Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/disease\/glanders\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"283","article-title":"Hist\u00f3ria e organiza\u00e7\u00e3o do servi\u00e7o veterin\u00e1rio do ex\u00e9rcito","volume":"1","author":"Pimentel","year":"1938","journal-title":"Rev. Milit. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"91","article-title":"Foco de mormo (Malleus) na regi\u00e3o de Campos, estado do Rio de Janeiro","volume":"3","author":"Langenegger","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arq. Inst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2000000400005","article-title":"Mormo em eq\u00fc\u00eddeos nos estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas","volume":"20","author":"Mota","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"BRASIL\u2014Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento (2022, December 06). Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Epidemiologia, Sa\u00fade Animal, Available online: https:\/\/indicadores.agricultura.gov.br\/saudeanimal\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Moraes, D.D.A. (2011). Preval\u00eancia de Mormo e Anemia Infecciosa Equina em Equ\u00eddeos de Tra\u00e7\u00e3o do Distrito Federal. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rosado, F. (2018). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Epidemiol\u00f3gica do Mormo em Equ\u00eddeos no Estado da Para\u00edba com Base em Dados Secund\u00e1rios. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"45","article-title":"Compara\u00e7\u00e3o da Preval\u00eancia do Mormo entre as Zonas da Mata, Agreste e Sert\u00e3o de Pernambuco, de 2005 a 2011","volume":"16","author":"Silveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Vet. Tr\u00f3p."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de mormo no estado de Pernambuco no per\u00edodo de 2006 a 2011","volume":"16","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Vet. Tr\u00f3p."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Silva, R.L.B. (2019). Gerenciamento por Processos de Neg\u00f3cios na Gest\u00e3o no Controle Epidemiol\u00f3gico do Mormo no Brasil. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Univesidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446101321466","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i13.21466","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o epidemiol\u00f3gica do Mormo no Brasil","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Brasil\u2014Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento (2022, December 07). Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa N\u00famero 6, 16 de Janeiro de 2018. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, Se\u00e7\u00e3o 1, P\u00e1gina 3, de 17 de Janeiro de 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.in.gov.br\/web\/dou\/-\/instrucao-normativa-n-6-de-16-de-janeiro-de-2018-1892930."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brasil\u2014Secretaria de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria do Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento (2018). Portaria N\u00famero 35 de 17\/4\/2018, Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, Se\u00e7\u00e3o 1, N\u00famero 77 de 23\/4\/2018."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M., and Christley, R. (2018). Veterinary Epidemiology, Wiley-Blackwell. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sergeant, ESG (2017, October 05). Epitools Epidemiological Calculators. Sample Size to Estimate a Proportion or Apparent Prevalence with Specified Precision. Ausvet. Available online: https:\/\/epitools.ausvet.com.au\/oneproportion."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sergeant, ESG (2017, October 05). Epitools Epidemiological Calculators. Sensitivity and Specificity of Two Tests Used in Parallel or Series. Ausvet. Available online: https:\/\/epitools.ausvet.com.au\/twoteststwo."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elschner, M.C., Laroucau, K., Singha, H., Tripathi, B.N., Saqib, M., Gardner, I., Sheetal, S., Kumar, S., El-Adawy, H., and Melzer, F. (2019). Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214963"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sergeant, ESG (2017, October 05). Epitools Epidemiological Calculators. HerdPlus: She and SpH for Range of Sample Sizes and Cut-Points for Given Herd Size. Ausvet. Available online: https:\/\/epitools.ausvet.com.au\/herdplusthree."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Dean, J.A., Colombier, D., Smith, D.C., Brendel, A.K., Arner, T.G., and Dean, A.G. (1996). Epi-Info, Version 6: A Word Processing Database and Statistics Systems for Epidemiology on Microcomputers."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dohoo, I., Martin, W., and Stryhn, H. (2007). Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, Atlantic Veterinary College."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., and Lameshow, S. (1989). Applied Logistic Regression, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"R Core Team (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callefe, J.L.R., and Ferreira Neto, J.S. (2020). Sistemas de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade Animal, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo. Available online: http:\/\/www.livrosabertos.sibi.usp.br\/portaldelivrosUSP\/catalog\/book\/595.","DOI":"10.11606\/9786587778044"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00814-1","article-title":"Current status of glanders in Brazil: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"53","author":"Mota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency\u2014CFIA (2014). Equine Infectious Anemia Manual of Procedures."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:36Z","timestamp":1760120436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12020218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12020218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}}}