{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:53Z","timestamp":1792806173030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael Smith Health Research BC","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020x39229","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039v19p29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation and the Michael Smith Health Research BC","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020x39229","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Group B Streptococcus is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically colonizes 10\u201330% of pregnant women, causing chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, and stillbirth, as well as neonatal sepsis and meningitis with early-onset disease (EOD) or late-onset disease (LOD) due to ascending infection or transmission during delivery. While there are some differences between EOD and LOD in terms of route of transmission, risk factors, and serotypes, the only preventive approach currently is maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) which will not be able to fully address the burden of the disease since this has no impact on LOD. Probiotics and immunization in pregnancy may be more effective than IAP for both EOD and LOD. There is mixed evidence of probiotic effects on the prevention of GBS colonization, and the data from completed and ongoing clinical trials investigating different GBS vaccines are promising. Current vaccine candidates target bacterial proteins or the polysaccharide capsule and include trivalent, tetravalent, and hexavalent protein\u2013polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Some challenges in developing novel GBS vaccines include the lack of a correlate of protection, the potential for serotype switching, a need to understand interactions with other vaccines, and optimal timing of administration in pregnancy to maximize protection for both term and preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:57:56Z","timestamp":1675231076000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Strategies to Prevent Early and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection via Interventions in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mahin","family":"Delara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirma Khatri","family":"Vadlamudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Sadarangani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hanna, M., and Noor, A. 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