{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:08Z","timestamp":1772252948357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Caixa\u2019 Foundation","award":["100010434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100010434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major worldwide health problem and models using non-human primates (NHP) provide the most relevant approach for vaccine testing. In this study, we analysed CT images collected from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques following exposure to ultra-low dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aerosols, and monitored them for 16 weeks to evaluate the impact of prior intradermal or inhaled BCG vaccination on the progression of lung disease. All lesions found (2553) were classified according to their size and we subclassified small micronodules (&lt;4.4 mm) as \u2018isolated\u2019, or as \u2018daughter\u2019, when they were in contact with consolidation (described as lesions \u2265 4.5 mm). Our data link the higher capacity to contain Mtb infection in cynomolgus with the reduced incidence of daughter micronodules, thus avoiding the development of consolidated lesions and their consequent enlargement and evolution to cavitation. In the case of rhesus, intradermal vaccination has a higher capacity to reduce the formation of daughter micronodules. This study supports the \u2018Bubble Model\u2019 defined with the C3HBe\/FeJ mice and proposes a new method to evaluate outcomes in experimental models of TB in NHP based on CT images, which would fit a future machine learning approach to evaluate new vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T02:21:12Z","timestamp":1675304472000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Surveillance of Daughter Micronodule Formation Is a Key Factor for Vaccine Evaluation Using Experimental Infection Models of Tuberculosis in Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, \u2018Germans Trias i Pujol\u2019 University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3308-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00ed","family":"Catal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Escola d\u2019Enginyeria Agroaliment\u00e0ria i de Biosistemes de Barcelona Departament de F\u00edsica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTech, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9481-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally A","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Bechini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, \u2018Germans Trias i Pujol\u2019 University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola d\u2019Enginyeria Agroaliment\u00e0ria i de Biosistemes de Barcelona Departament de F\u00edsica, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTech, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Vilaplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3 Cl\u00ednica Territorial de Malalties Infeccioses i Salut Internacional de Ger\u00e8ncia Territorial Metropolitana Nord, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere-Joan","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, North Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, \u2018Germans Trias i Pujol\u2019 University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08913 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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