{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:55:41Z","timestamp":1791924941121,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite. During the parasitic invasion, T. gondii creates a parasitophorous vacuole, which enables the modulation of cell functions, allowing its replication and host infection. It has effective strategies to escape the immune response and reach privileged immune sites and remain inactive in a controlled environment in tissue cysts. This current review presents the factors that affect host cells and the parasite, as well as changes in the immune system during host cell infection. The secretory organelles of T. gondii (dense granules, micronemes, and rhoptries) are responsible for these processes. They are involved with proteins secreted by micronemes and rhoptries (MIC, AMA, and RONs) that mediate the recognition and entry into host cells. Effector proteins (ROP and GRA) that modify the STAT signal or GTPases in immune cells determine their toxicity. Interference byhost autonomous cells during parasitic infection, gene expression, and production of microbicidal molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), result in the regulation of cell death. The high level of complexity in host cell mechanisms prevents cell death in its various pathways. Many of these abilities play an important role in escaping host immune responses, particularly by manipulating the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Here we present recent works that define the mechanisms by which T. gondii interacts with these processes in infected host cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1675650563000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Overview of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Processes in Toxoplasma gondii Infected Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166\/15731, Iran"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166\/15731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Babaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Genetic, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 57147\/83734, Iran"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 57147\/83734, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohid","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166\/15731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirous","family":"Mehrani Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166\/15731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ata","family":"Moghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166\/15731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176\/13151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeranoot","family":"Nissapatorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 81160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdol Sattar","family":"Pagheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178\/53577, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.035","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"28","author":"Kochanowsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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