{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:41:00Z","timestamp":1791852060241,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","award":["6\/9-7\/228\/2020-ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6\/9-7\/228\/2020-ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"CSIR","award":["6\/9-7\/228\/2020-ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6\/9-7\/228\/2020-ECD-II"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis significantly affects the population of the tropics and subtropics. Clinical features and infective species of Leishmania are the primary factors driving the direction of diagnosis. The rise in incidences of atypical presentations present a challenge in patient treatment. Knowledge of unusual\/rare presentations can aid in having a broader perspective for including the different aspects during the examination and thus avoid misdiagnosis. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to present the array of atypical presentations confounding clinicians which have been seen in leishmaniasis. Case reports of unusual findings based on the localizations and morphology of lesions and infective species and the predominant geographical sites over almost five decades highlight such presentations in the population. Information regarding the clinical features recorded in the patient and the chosen treatment was extracted to put forward the preferred drug regimen in such cases. This comprehensive review presents various unusual observations seen in visceral leishmaniasis, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It highlights the need to consider such features in association with differential diagnosis to facilitate proper treatment of the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:42:33Z","timestamp":1676256153000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Unusual Observations in Leishmaniasis\u2014An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India"},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudsser","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, ESIC Hospital, Faridabad 1210026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8094-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Fourteenth Meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases, 22\u201324 June 2021, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02344-6","article-title":"Transfusion transmitted leishmaniasis: A case report and review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Dey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.5.e65","article-title":"Congenital transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) from an asymptomatic mother to her child","volume":"104","author":"Meinecke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144435","article-title":"Injecting drug use as risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS patients","volume":"12","author":"Amela","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Leishmaniasis Factsheet, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"491","article-title":"Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Diago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002092","article-title":"An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum","volume":"145","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-276","article-title":"Leishmania development in sand flies: Parasite-vector interactions overview","volume":"5","author":"Volf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, May 06). Leishmaniasis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/leishmaniasis\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2013.25.1.80","article-title":"New world cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with intralesional injection of pentavalent antimony","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0054-9","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of Bangladesh: Modeling the ecological niche","volume":"45","author":"Abdullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2608","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Complexity at the host\u2013pathogen interface","volume":"9","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samarasinghe, S.R., Samaranayake, N., Kariyawasam, U.L., Siriwardana, Y.D., Imamura, H., and Karunaweera, N.D. (2018). Genomic insights into virulence mechanisms of Leishmania donovani: Evidence from an atypical strain. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5271-z"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1832","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease: Lessons from mouse models of leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Demant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0108","article-title":"Case Report: Autochthonous Disseminated Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, and Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a Patient with HIV\/AIDS from Northern Thailand and Literature Review","volume":"107","author":"Srivarasat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.181","article-title":"Leishmania tropica\u2013induced cutaneous and presumptive concomitant viscerotropic Leishmaniasis with prolonged incubation","volume":"145","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCall, L.-I., Zhang, W.-W., and Matlashewski, G. (2013). Determinants for the development of visceral leishmaniasis disease. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003053"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00028-8","article-title":"Leishmania donovani hybridisation and introgression in nature: A comparative genomic investigation","volume":"2","author":"Lypaczewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12556","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals","volume":"20","author":"Carrillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00251","article-title":"Immunobiology of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2013.21","article-title":"Visceral Leishmania as Unusual Cause of Splenic Peliosis in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Ghazzawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"bcr2015209484","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in an infant following a holiday trip to Spain","volume":"2015","author":"Rampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1086\/318135","article-title":"HIV and Leishmania coinfection: A review of 91 cases with focus on atypical locations of Leishmania","volume":"31","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"269","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis with an unusual presentation in an HIV positive patient","volume":"11","author":"Jawhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/1742-6413.205312","article-title":"Indian visceral leishmaniasis with extensive lymphadenopathy\u2013An unusual presentation: A case report with literature review","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200101000-00006","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients. A comparative study","volume":"80","author":"Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prestes-Carneiro, L.E., Spir, P.R.N., Fontanesi, M., Pereira Garcia, K.G., Silva, F.A.D., Flores, E.F., and Vasconcelos, D.M. (2019). Unusual manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in children: A case series and its spatial dispersion in the western region of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3652-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.5414\/CN108195","article-title":"Glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemia: First manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"83","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0118","article-title":"Unusual presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"30","author":"Cenderello","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.01.022","article-title":"Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis similar to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a Brazilian AIDS patient infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Konishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Dolin, R., Bennett, J.E., and Mandell, G.L. (2005). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32830e6fdb","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis presenting with intestinal failure: A case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Hicks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.027029","article-title":"Unusual duodenal presentation of leishmaniasis","volume":"58","author":"Rada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000378","article-title":"18F-FDG uptake in multiple splenic foci on PET\/CT: An unusual case of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Gibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0797-y","article-title":"Unusual presentation of leishmaniasis as an adrenal cystic mass","volume":"21","author":"Brandonisio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90098-7","article-title":"Acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Cermano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00749.x","article-title":"Clinical microbiological case: Esophageal lesion in an AIDS patient","volume":"9","author":"Canet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"333","article-title":"Isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient: A case report","volume":"12","author":"Bajraktari","year":"2016","journal-title":"B-ENT"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"233","article-title":"Isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Tiseo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020550","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation as an unusual presentation of Kala-azar: Report of two cases","volume":"36","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-014-0219-x","article-title":"An unusual case of pancytopenia in a nonagenarian: Visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"26","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0148-4","article-title":"Unusual presentations of Visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2010.09","article-title":"Delayed and overlooked diagnosis of an unusual opportunistic infection in a renal transplant recipient: Visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"34","author":"Zumrutdal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-68","article-title":"Recurrent visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Lagadinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/648727","article-title":"Increasing incidence of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a population-based study in Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"295","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"Salotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03603.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis","volume":"143","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topno, R.K., Rabi Das, V.N., Kumar, M., Madhukar, M., Pandey, K., Verma, N., Agrawal, K., Lal, C.S., Siddiqui, N.A., and Bimal, S. (2020). Advanced case of PKDL due to delayed treatment: A rare case report. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008052"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"323","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with atypical presentation","volume":"61","author":"Rathi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Derm. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2001.tb00147.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with an atypical presentation","volume":"28","author":"Rathi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02433.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with visceral leishmaniasis: A rare presentation","volume":"44","author":"Rijal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410024607","article-title":"Nerve involvement in Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Khandpur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12299","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis mimicking leprosy relapse: A diagnostic dilemma","volume":"53","author":"Arora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01854.x","article-title":"Short communication: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis\u2014An appraisal","volume":"12","author":"Ramesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i2.16395","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with mucosal involvement: An unusual case presentation including successful treatment with miltefosine","volume":"31","author":"Salam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/mamcjms.mamcjms_10_17","article-title":"Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Associated With Oral Lesions: A Rare Case Report","volume":"3","author":"Misra","year":"2017","journal-title":"MAMC J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.147809","article-title":"Atypical post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis with \u201cmuzzle area\u201d swelling","volume":"60","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/000155598443042","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis\u2014An unusual presentation","volume":"78","author":"Lakhanpal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507781524809","article-title":"An unusual presentation of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"Ramesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_338_19","article-title":"An Unusual Presentation of Post kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Pathania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Derm. Online J."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"8899586","article-title":"Atypical Presentation of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bhutan","volume":"2020","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Derm. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1997.tb00153.x","article-title":"Laryngeal involvement during post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in India","volume":"2","author":"Nandy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.3566","article-title":"Nonhealing Leg Ulcer in a Middle-aged Indian Man","volume":"154","author":"Vinay","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.146190","article-title":"Post-kala-Azar dermal leishmaniasis: A diagnostic dilemma in a nonendemic area","volume":"5","author":"Bhandare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.9.680","article-title":"Post kala-azar uveitis","volume":"64","author":"Dechant","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90294-M","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Clinical features, pathology and treatment","volume":"86","author":"Ghalib","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(79)90138-7","article-title":"Interstitial keratitis caused by American (mucocutaneous) leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"Roizenblatt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"91","article-title":"Two cases of ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Hassan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90736-2","article-title":"Post kala-azar ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"92","author":"Khalil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2011.110058","article-title":"Blindness following visceral leishmaniasis: A neglected post-kala-azar complication","volume":"41","author":"Khalil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-014-0021-0","article-title":"A case of panuveitis with hypopyon due to presumed ocular leishmaniasis in a HIV patient","volume":"4","author":"Couture","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Statement on Miltefosine\u2014Potential Ocular Disorders in Patients Treated with Miltefosine for Post-kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"370286","article-title":"Atypical Presentation of PKDL due to Leishmania infantum in an HIV-Infected Patient with Relapsing Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"2014","author":"Celesia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419868617","article-title":"An unusual case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient with HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection","volume":"30","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, L., Singh, K.K., Shanker, V., Negi, A., Jain, A., Matlashewski, G., and Jain, M. (2018). Atypical leishmaniasis: A global perspective with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006659"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.07.002","article-title":"Leishmania donovani causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: A wolf in sheep\u2019s clothing?","volume":"25","author":"Karunaweera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.060242","article-title":"Leishmania donovani and cutaneous leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"Siriwardana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538597","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4538597","article-title":"Leishmania donovani induced cutaneous leishmaniasis: An insight into atypical clinical variants in Sri Lanka","volume":"2019","author":"Siriwardana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kariyawasam, U.L., Selvapandiyan, A., Rai, K., Wani, T.H., Ahuja, K., Beg, M.A., Premathilake, H.U., Bhattarai, N.R., Siriwardena, Y.D., and Zhong, D. (2017). Genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: A cross sectional study with regional comparisons. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2883-x"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90061-7","article-title":"Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37","volume":"97","author":"Karunaweera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.05.032","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Turkey: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in Turkey","volume":"173","author":"Harman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.819","article-title":"Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica: Preliminary findings of the study of 161 new cases from a new endemic focus in himachal pradesh, India","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.09.005","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-354","article-title":"A cluster of four cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania donovani in Cyprus: A case series","volume":"8","author":"Koliou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.001","article-title":"The current clinical and geographical situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on species identification in Turkey","volume":"190","author":"Harman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103802","article-title":"An intraspecies Leishmania donovani hybrid from the Indian subcontinent is associated with an atypical phenotype of cutaneous disease","volume":"25","author":"Lypaczewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90352-9","article-title":"Isolation of the agent causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Italy and its visceralization in inbred hamsters","volume":"79","author":"Pozio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.2.193","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Case reports and literature review","volume":"134","author":"Marty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1309.060946","article-title":"New clinicoepidemiologic profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Rhajaoui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106288","article-title":"The Sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Morocco: A presumably trend towards endemicity","volume":"227","author":"Elmazini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014014","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa: A review","volume":"21","author":"Aoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.012","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania infantum cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia","volume":"100","author":"BenSaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.02.006","article-title":"Isoenzymatic variability of Leishmania infantum in Tunisia concerning 254 human strains","volume":"106","author":"Kallel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019007","article-title":"Histological and immunological differences between zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum","volume":"26","author":"Boussoffara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000258675","article-title":"Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in a patient treated with infliximab","volume":"220","author":"Hakimi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01498-10","article-title":"Successful treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum with posaconazole","volume":"55","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00134-1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Turkey","volume":"84","author":"Ok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey","volume":"36","author":"Yesilova","year":"2012","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk. Parazitolojii Derg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000097","article-title":"Cutaneous and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, northwestern Iran 2002\u20132011: A case series","volume":"107","author":"Badirzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"667","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in the northeast of Spain: The isoenzymatic analysis of parasites","volume":"137","author":"Pratlong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroidl, A., Kroidl, I., Bretzel, G., and L\u00f6scher, T. (2014). Non-healing old world cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. infantumin a patient from Spain. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-206"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0769","article-title":"Case report: Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in a patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy: Risk status in an endemic Mediterranean area","volume":"98","author":"Alcover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000500016","article-title":"First report of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"57","author":"Lyra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658023","article-title":"Leishmania infantum as a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.04.047","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North-Western Yemen: A clinicoepidemiologic study and Leishmania species identification by polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","volume":"61","author":"Khatri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.43","article-title":"Isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania isolates from Lebanon and Syria","volume":"63","author":"Knio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.016","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomus tobbi","volume":"39","author":"Alten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"855","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Southern Israel","volume":"61","author":"Sagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0385","article-title":"Case Report: Simple Nodular Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Autochthonous Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis in an 18-Month-Old Girl: The First Pediatric Case in Thailand and Literature Review","volume":"108","author":"Anugulruengkitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2908-3","article-title":"Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Jariyapan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe, A., Slavin, J., Stark, D., and Aboltins, C. (2014). A case of imported Leishmania infantum cutaneous leishmaniasis; an unusual presentation occurring 19 years after travel. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0597-x"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"109","article-title":"An unusual presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"141","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.41908","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as a submandibular nodule-a case report","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"62","article-title":"Lip leishmaniasis: A new emerging clinical form of cutaneous leishmaniasis from sub-Himalayan Region","volume":"6","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81793-8","article-title":"Lip leishmaniasis","volume":"28","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0011-9059.2001.01396.x","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sanliurfa: Epidemiologic and clinical features of the last four years (1997\u20132000)","volume":"41","author":"Gurel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.12.045","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the lower Lip in a united states soldier","volume":"66","author":"Roundy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.13951","article-title":"Unusual presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Lower lip ulcer","volume":"7","author":"Nasiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadpour, I., Motazedian, M.H., Handjani, F., and Hatam, G.R. (2017). Lip leishmaniasis: A case series with molecular identification and literature review. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2178-7"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"494","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis of lip and role of polymerase chain reaction: A case report","volume":"58","author":"Parajuli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNMA J. Nepal Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2020.03.014","article-title":"Leishmania tropica infection of the ear treated with photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Goldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"3198547","article-title":"Unusual presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"2017","author":"Doroodgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JAMMR.36072","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMMR\/2017\/36072","article-title":"Primary lip leishmaniasis-report of 4 cases from a non-endemic region of Kashmir valley of north India and review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Sajad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"216","article-title":"Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis of the lips mimicking granulomatous cheilitis","volume":"60","author":"Ekiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.84750","article-title":"Auricular enlargement: An atypical presentation of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Robati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112001120","article-title":"Auricular cutaneous leishmaniasis mimicking neoplastic disease","volume":"126","author":"Tarkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215108003782","article-title":"Auricular leishmaniasis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"123","author":"Hasibi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.06.005","article-title":"Leishmaniasis of the auricle mimicking carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Sabri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5070\/D3231033684","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Oetken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.AJM_145_17","article-title":"Chiclero\u2019s ulcer: An unusual presentation of Leishmania tropica in Syria","volume":"8","author":"Youssef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02674.x","article-title":"Atypical presentation of Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagnosis and species identification by PCR","volume":"22","author":"Karamian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ocular leishmaniasis review article","volume":"12","author":"Zadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"4288","article-title":"Ocular Complications Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Tabbara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00011-1","article-title":"South American cutaneous leishmaniasis of the eyelids: Report of five cases in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Martins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"29","article-title":"Old World eyelid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"214297","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the eyelid: A case report","volume":"2013","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ocular leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Derm. Online J."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"88","article-title":"Successful treatment of ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Abrishami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5070\/D39KQ7K2XN","article-title":"Bilateral cutaneous leishmaniasis of upper eyelids: A case report","volume":"12","author":"Jafari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.024","article-title":"Leishmaniasis of the eyelid mimicking an infundibular cyst and review of the literature on ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Veraldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.171801","article-title":"Ocular leishmaniasis treated by intralesional amphotericin B","volume":"23","author":"Nikandish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East. Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-7250.203008","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the eyelid: An uncommon presentation of a common entity","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Paediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000020346.15800.d3","article-title":"Ocular involvement in cutaneous leishmaniasis four cases with blepharoconjunctivitis","volume":"19","author":"Satici","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"e1000395","article-title":"Ocular leishmaniasis presenting as chronic ulcerative blepharoconjunctivitis: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Ayele","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"522","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the lid","volume":"25","author":"Chefchaouni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fr. D\u2019ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2232_20","article-title":"Ocular Leishmaniasis-A systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Mignot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"158","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis as imitator of skin diseases and a diagnostic challenge","volume":"8","author":"Sharquie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000479286","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Case Involving the Scalp-Clinical and Videodermoscopic Findings","volume":"4","author":"Luna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ski. Appendage Disord."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000200009","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the genital area","volume":"44","author":"Cabello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.132253","article-title":"Ulcerative penile leishmaniasis in a child","volume":"80","author":"Yesilova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"472","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania major on the Glans Penis: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Mosayebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis on the Glans Penis: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Handjani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.12.010","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with genital involvement","volume":"95","author":"Lyra","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0514-2020","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0514-2020","article-title":"Unusual manifestation of genital cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: A case report","volume":"54","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.558","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis: Case of a patient with 425 lesions","volume":"71","author":"Couppie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.281","article-title":"Atypical clinical variants in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis: Disseminated, erysipeloid, and recidiva cutis due to Leishmania (V.) panamensis","volume":"73","author":"Calvopina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13730","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13730","article-title":"Atypical and unusual morphological variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"75","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0735","article-title":"Case Report: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Misdiagnosed as Pyoderma Gangrenosum","volume":"104","author":"Misciali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.406","article-title":"A case of erysipeloid cutaneous leishmaniasis: Atypical and unusual clinical variant","volume":"78","author":"Ceyhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.12691\/ajmcr-8-12-14","article-title":"Zosteriform Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Elbow","volume":"8","author":"Bouomrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1704214","article-title":"Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: Clinical variants and treatments","volume":"32","author":"Firooz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02325.x","article-title":"Unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan","volume":"139","author":"Raja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"134","article-title":"Case Report: An Atypical Erysipeloid Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from the Hilly Region of Nepal","volume":"105","author":"Nepal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01039.x","article-title":"Clinical picture of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"33","author":"Momeni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02324.x","article-title":"Atypical clinical form of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Erysipeloid form","volume":"43","author":"Karincaoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"145","article-title":"Erysipeloid cutaneous leishmaniasis: Treatment with a new, topical, pure herbal extract","volume":"13","author":"Zerehsaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Report of two atypical cases","volume":"2","author":"Robati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res. Updat."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"458","article-title":"Erysipeloid leishmaniasis: An unusual clinical presentation","volume":"9","author":"Salmanpour","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimaraes, L.H., Queiroz, A., Silva, J.A., Silva, S.C., Magalhaes, V., Lago, E.L., Machado, P.R.L., Bacellar, O., Wilson, M.E., and Beverley, S.M. (2016). Atypical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a region endemic for Leishmania braziliensis: Clinical, immunological and parasitological aspects. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005100"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03940.x","article-title":"Unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sicily","volume":"48","author":"Bongiorno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.19717","article-title":"Chronic zosteriform cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"72","author":"Omidian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759033","article-title":"Sporotrichoid leishmaniasis: A cross-sectional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory study in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"59","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.02015.x","article-title":"Rare variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Whitlow, paronychia, and sporotrichoid","volume":"42","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(07)70105-9","article-title":"Sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"98","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"243","article-title":"Multidermatomal zosteriform lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Kafaie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"25","article-title":"Cutaneous lupoid leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"77","author":"Ferahbas","year":"2006","journal-title":"CUTIS N. Y."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.12.008","article-title":"Lupoid leishmaniasis among the known cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Herat Province, western Afghanistan","volume":"9","author":"Pazoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Control of the Leishmaniases: Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, Switzerland, 22\u201326 March 2010, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"100","article-title":"Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A report of 16 cases","volume":"76","author":"Bari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Derm. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-011-0008-9","article-title":"Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"1","author":"Khaled","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_420_16","article-title":"Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A report of three cases from nonendemic area","volume":"62","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00687.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis","volume":"39","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02767.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis in American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"32","author":"Bittencourt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00478.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"Mattos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1086\/322643","article-title":"Leishmaniasis recidivans recurrence after 43 years: A clinical and immunologic report after successful treatment","volume":"33","author":"Marovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.10.005","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis after visceral disease in a patient with AIDS","volume":"50","author":"Calza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.01.005","article-title":"First report of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania amazonensis infection in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"101","author":"Schubach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13812","article-title":"Chronic generalized fibrotic skin lesions from disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in two patients from northern Thailand infected with HIV","volume":"173","author":"Chiewchanvit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0711","article-title":"Disseminated dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania siamensis in a systemic steroid therapy patient","volume":"91","author":"Noppakun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805108","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/805108","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis: An underestimated presentation of a neglected disease","volume":"2013","author":"Strazzulla","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000076009.64510.b8","article-title":"Localized mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum: Clinical and microbiologic findings in 31 patients","volume":"82","author":"Aliaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.05.008","article-title":"Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis: Isolation of a parasite within the Leishmania donovani complex that differs genotypically from L. donovani causing classical visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"Mahdi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.935","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis in a Sudanese patient","volume":"80","author":"Abbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc072391","article-title":"Indian mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani infection","volume":"358","author":"Sethuraman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"148","article-title":"Atypical mucocutaneous involvement with Leishmania donovani","volume":"25","author":"Pulimood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04376.x","article-title":"Co-infection of mucosal leishmaniasis and extra pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with inherent immune deficiency","volume":"49","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237687","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237687","article-title":"Leishmania donovani mucosal leishmaniasis in Malta","volume":"13","author":"Grech","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320952186","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani\u2014A rare presentation","volume":"101","author":"Varghese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mucosal localization of leishmaniasis in Tunisia: 5 cases","volume":"130","author":"Kharfi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.03.012","article-title":"Mucosal Leishmania infantum leishmaniasis: Specific pattern in a multicentre survey and historical cases","volume":"63","author":"Faucher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"165409","article-title":"Isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients: An underdiagnosed disease","volume":"2013","author":"Cocuzza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-1249-7","article-title":"A rare case of localized mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in an immunocompetent Italian host","volume":"20","author":"Casolari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000098","article-title":"Three Leishmania\/L. species\u2013L. infantum, L. major, L. tropica\u2013as causative agents of mucosal leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"107","author":"Shirian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01469-12","article-title":"Mixed mucosal leishmaniasis infection caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major","volume":"50","author":"Shirian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"191","article-title":"Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in central Punjab and Azad Kashmir regions of Pakistan","volume":"22","author":"Yusuf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"218","article-title":"Isolated lingual leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.2.238c","article-title":"Ocular scleromalacia caused by leishmaniasis: A rare cause of scleral perforation","volume":"85","author":"Reinecke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01296.x","article-title":"Oral leishmaniasis: A clinicopathological study of 11 cases","volume":"13","author":"Motta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2007.10.006","article-title":"Primary Leishmania infantum MON-80 endonasal leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"135","author":"Fenniche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ol."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"281","article-title":"Localized leishmaniasis of the oral mucosa: A report of three cases","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal (Internet)"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.192118","article-title":"Unusual presentation of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patient","volume":"37","author":"Bains","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Sex. Transm. Dis. AIDS"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"753149","article-title":"Localised leishmaniasis of oral mucosa: Report of an unusual clinicopathological entity","volume":"2014","author":"Passi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-016-0732-7","article-title":"Exclusive primary lesion of oral leishmaniasis with immunohistochemical diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis with A Typical Clinical Manifestation: A Case Report","volume":"3","author":"Yosef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Med. Microbio"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19056.1","article-title":"Orofacial manifestations of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: A case series from Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Sarmento","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"8876020","article-title":"Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with rare manifestation in the nasal mucosa and cartilage bone septal","volume":"2020","author":"Casalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S275133","article-title":"Progress of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis to drug nonresponsive diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. A case report","volume":"13","author":"Tegegne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Med. Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"293761","article-title":"Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis\/HIV coinfection presented as a diffuse desquamative rash","volume":"2014","author":"Sugui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1609","article-title":"Cheilitis: An unusual presentation of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Sujanitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0259","article-title":"Case report: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis masquerading as idiopathic midline granulomatous disease","volume":"101","author":"Tejura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0219","article-title":"Case Report: Unusual Presentation of Pharyngeal Mucosal Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis","volume":"103","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2020.01.011","article-title":"Leishmaniose sublinguale pseudotumorale \u00e0 Leishmania infantum","volume":"147","author":"Hocar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975131","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/975131","article-title":"Lingual leishmaniasis presenting to maxillofacial surgery in UK with successful treatment with miltefosine","volume":"2013","author":"Kassam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Carvajal, L., Cardona-Arias, J.A., Zapata-Cardona, M.I., Sanchez-Giraldo, V., and Velez, I.D. (2016). Efficacy of cryotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Meta-analyses of clinical trials. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1663-3"},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"6816913","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis-malaria coinfection and their associated factors in patients attending Metema Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Suggestion for integrated vector management","volume":"2017","author":"Ferede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15521","article-title":"Cutaneous schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis coinfection: A case report","volume":"33","author":"Gregorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001389","article-title":"Implications of co-infection of Leptomonas in visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"142","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00345","article-title":"Leptomonas seymouri co-infection in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases caused by Leishmania donovani from Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"10","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heirwegh, E., MacLean, E., He, J., Kamhawi, S., Sagan, S.M., and Olivier, M. (2021). Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus-Leishmania major co-infection modulates innate inflammatory response favoring myeloid cell infections and skin hyperinflammation. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009638"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02419","article-title":"Risk mapping of human HIV-Leishmaniasis co-infection in Morocco","volume":"5","author":"Daoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13993","article-title":"Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and HIV Co-infection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"48","author":"Kassardjian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:31:12Z","timestamp":1760121072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/2\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":232,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12020297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12020297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}