{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:32:57Z","timestamp":1792290777555,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses\u2019 zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1677033115000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses\u2014Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Giery\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5436-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Szulc-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9718-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Struzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina Paulina","family":"Gregorczyk-Zboroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matylda Barbara","family":"Mielcarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix Ngosa","family":"Toka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Schollenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (2022, August 08). 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