{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:00:06Z","timestamp":1790654406458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mahasarakham University"},{"name":"Elsa Paulssons Minnesfond"},{"name":"Agria SVT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobials are added to semen extenders to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are transferred to the semen during collection. However, this non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials could contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the antibiotic susceptibility of vaginal microbiota after artificial insemination. Swabs were taken from the vagina of 26 mares immediately before artificial insemination and again 3 days later. Bacteria isolated from the vagina at both time points were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. In total, 32 bacterial species were identified. There were increases in the resistance of Escherichia coli to trimethoprim (p = 0.0006), chloramphenicol and (p = 0.012) tetracycline (p = 0.03) between day 0 and day 3. However, there was no significant effect of exposure to antibiotics in semen extenders with respect to the resistance of Staphylococcus simulans and Streptococcus equisimilis (p &gt; 0.05). Whole-genome sequencing indicated that most phenotypic resistance was associated with genes for resistance. These results indicate that the resistance patterns of vaginal bacteria may be affected by exposure to antibiotics; therefore, it would be prudent to minimize, or preferably, avoid using antibiotics in semen extenders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:22:16Z","timestamp":1677464536000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pongpreecha","family":"Malaluang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 40000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Wil\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Evidensia Horse Clinic, 96174 Boden, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Frosth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna F.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3764-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5245-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane M.","family":"Morrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30141-9","article-title":"Restricting the Use of Antibiotics in Food-Producing Animals and Its Associations with Antibiotic Resistance in Food-Producing Animals and Human Beings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3040934","article-title":"Alternatives to Antibiotics in Semen Extenders: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Morrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaluang, P., Wil\u00e9n, E., Lindahl, J., Hansson, I., and Morrell, J.M. 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