{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:55Z","timestamp":1760147755998,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Germany Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Germany Center for Infection Research","award":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (MKW)","award":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KR 3615\/1-1","HO 2009\/11-1","EXC2151-390873048","SANTE\/2004\/078-545\/130","SANTE\/2006\/129-931","TTU 03.817","TTU 03.815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Infections with Wuchereria bancrofti are associated with reduced immunity against concomitant infections. Indeed, our previous study described a 2.3-fold increased HIV incidence among individuals with W. bancrofti infection, as measured by the circulating filarial antigen of the adult worm. This new study aimed to retrospectively determine microfilariae status of the participants to assess if the previously described increased HIV susceptibility was associated with the presence of MF in the same cohort. Methods: CFA positive but HIV negative biobanked human blood samples (n = 350) were analyzed for W. bancrofti MF chitinase using real time PCR. Results: The PCR provided a positive signal in 12\/350 (3.4%) samples. During four years of follow-up (1109 person years (PY)), 22 study participants acquired an HIV infection. In 39 PY of W. bancrofti MF chitinase positive individuals, three new HIV infections occurred (7.8 cases per 100 PY), in contrast to 19 seroconversions in 1070 PY of W. bancrofti MF chitinase negative individuals (1.8 cases per 100 PY, p = 0.014). Conclusions: In the subgroup of MF-producing Wb-infected individuals, the HIV incidence exceeded the previously described moderate increased risk for HIV seen in all Wb-infected individuals (regardless of MF status) compared with uninfected persons from the same area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1677636176000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increased HIV Incidence in Wuchereria bancrofti Microfilaria Positive Individuals in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mnkai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Maganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Maboko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"},{"name":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS, Dodoma P.O. Box 2904, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willyhelmina","family":"Olomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Clowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Minich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agola Eric","family":"Lelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), KNH, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Yaw","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Geldmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmar","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya P.O. Box 2410, Tanzania"},{"name":"Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya 608, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3096-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Kroidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30286-2","article-title":"The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000\u20132018: A geospatial analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cromwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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