{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:54:53Z","timestamp":1761598493733,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dysregulation of the immune response in the course of COVID-19 has been implicated in critical outcomes. Lymphopenia is evident in severe cases and has been associated with worse outcomes since the early phases of the pandemic. In addition, cytokine storm has been associated with excessive lung injury and concomitant respiratory failure. However, it has also been hypothesized that specific lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, and NK cells) may serve as prognostic markers for disease severity. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations of lymphocyte subpopulations alterations with markers of disease severity and outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Materials\/Methods: A total of 42 adult hospitalized patients were included in this study, from June to July 2021. Flow-cytometry was used to calculate specific lymphocyte subpopulations on day 1 (admission) and on day 5 of hospitalization (CD45, CD3, CD3CD8, CD3CD4, CD3CD4CD8, CD19, CD16CD56, CD34RA, CD45RO). Markers of disease severity and outcomes included: burden of disease on CT (% of affected lung parenchyma injury), C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels. PO2\/FiO2 ratio and differences in lymphocytes subsets between two timepoints were also calculated. Logistic and linear regressions were used for the analyses. All analyses were performed using Stata (version 13.1; Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). Results: Higher levels of CD16CD56 cells (Natural Killer cells) were associated with higher risk of lung injury (&gt;50% of lung parenchyma). An increase in CD3CD4 and CD4RO cell count difference between day 5 and day 1 resulted in a decrease of CRP difference between these timepoints. On the other hand, CD45RARO difference was associated with an increase in the difference of CRP levels between the two timepoints. No other significant differences were found in the rest of the lymphocyte subpopulations. Conclusions: Despite a low patient number, this study showed that alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations are associated with COVID-19 severity markers. It was observed that an increase in lymphocytes (CD4 and transiently CD45RARO) resulted in lower CRP levels, perhaps leading to COVID-19 recovery and immune response homeostasis. However, these findings need further evaluation in larger scale trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T04:29:58Z","timestamp":1678076998000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Correlation of Lymphocyte Subpopulations, Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers during Severe COVID-19 Onset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0361-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos","family":"Liontos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros-George","family":"Asimakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios S.","family":"Markopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology and Translational Flow Cytometry, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Biros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lazaros","family":"Athanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Tsourlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leukothea","family":"Dova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology and Translational Flow Cytometry, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iro-Chrisavgi","family":"Rapti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Tsiakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3712-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Ntzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Evangelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Tzoulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsilidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Vartholomatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology and Translational Flow Cytometry, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Dounousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haralampos","family":"Milionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Christaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Division of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5490","article-title":"T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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