{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:39Z","timestamp":1787029239059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum parasites carrying deletions of histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3, respectively, are likely to escape detection via HRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and, consequently, treatment, posing a major risk to both the health of the infected individual and malaria control efforts. This study assessed the frequency of pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-deleted strains at four different study sites in Central Africa (number of samples analyzed: Gabon N = 534 and the Republic of Congo N = 917) and West Africa (number of samples analyzed: Nigeria N = 466 and Benin N = 120) using a highly sensitive multiplex qPCR. We found low prevalences for pfhrp2 (1%, 0%, 0.03% and 0) and pfhrp3 single deletions (0%, 0%, 0.03% and 0%) at all study sites (Gabon, the Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Benin, respectively). Double-deleted P. falciparum were only found in Nigeria in 1.6% of all internally controlled samples. The results of this pilot investigation do not point towards a high risk for false-negative RDT results due to pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 deletions in Central and West African regions. However, as this scenario can change rapidly, continuous monitoring is essential to ensure that RDTs remain a suitable tool for the malaria diagnostic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:14:58Z","timestamp":1678774498000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Low Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 and 3 Gene Deletions\u2014A Multiregional Study in Central and West Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Krueger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Ikegbunam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Departement of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420007, Nigeria"},{"name":"Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientist, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420007, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8859-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Lissom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Brazzaville, The Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili P.O. Box 39, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaisa","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 15, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Ntabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Brazzaville, The Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Djontu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Brazzaville, The Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Baina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Brazzaville, The Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e9o","family":"Lontchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 P.O. Box 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moustapha","family":"Maloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 P.O. Box 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Givina","family":"Ella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 P.O. 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Box 242, Gabon"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Ntoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Brazzaville, The Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayola","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 P.O. 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