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UG10 is a strain derived from E. histolytica virulent HM-1:IMSS strain that has lost its virulence in vitro and in vivo as determined by a decrease of hemolytic, cytopathic, and cytotoxic activities, increased susceptibility to human complement, and its inability to form liver abscesses in hamsters. We compared the transcriptome of nonvirulent UG10 and its parental HM-1:IMSS strain. No differences in gene expression of the classical virulence factors were observed. Genes downregulated in the UG10 trophozoites encode for proteins that belong to small GTPases, such as Rab and AIG1. Several protein-coding genes, including iron-sulfur flavoproteins and heat shock protein 70, were also upregulated in UG10. Overexpression of the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) in nonvirulent UG10 trophozoites resulted in augmented virulence in vitro and in vivo. Cocultivation of HM-1:IMSS with E. coli O55 bacteria cells reduced virulence in vitro, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was downregulated. In contrast, virulence was increased in the monoxenic strain UG10, and the EhAIG1 gene expression was upregulated. Therefore, the EhAIG1 gene (EHI_180390) represents a novel virulence determinant in E. histolytica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T03:15:03Z","timestamp":1679368503000},"page":"489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Attenuation of In Vitro and In Vivo Virulence Is Associated with Repression of Gene Expression of AIG1 Gene in Entamoeba histolytica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Janeth","family":"Lozano-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Montiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Rangel-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzel","family":"P\u00e1ramo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Leticia","family":"Mendoza-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0447-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faridi","family":"Saavedra-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naur\u00fa","family":"Vargas-Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Jeelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumiko","family":"Saito-Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Anaya-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyoshi","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Padilla-Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (1997). 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