{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:30Z","timestamp":1791951090907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACyT-Mexico","award":["421390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421390"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT-Mexico","award":["707387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707387"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT-Mexico","award":["47002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47002"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT-Mexico","award":["59-2090-1-001-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59-2090-1-001-F"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT-Mexico","award":["EC-INCO-CT 003691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC-INCO-CT 003691"]}]},{"name":"USA Agricultural Research Service","award":["421390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421390"]}]},{"name":"USA Agricultural Research Service","award":["707387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707387"]}]},{"name":"USA Agricultural Research Service","award":["47002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47002"]}]},{"name":"USA Agricultural Research Service","award":["59-2090-1-001-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59-2090-1-001-F"]}]},{"name":"USA Agricultural Research Service","award":["EC-INCO-CT 003691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC-INCO-CT 003691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Its main causative agents in the Americas are Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, while Babesia ovata affects cattle in Asia. All Babesia species secrete proteins stored in organelles of the apical complex, which are involved in all steps of the invasion process of vertebrate host cells. Unlike other apicomplexans, which have dense granules, babesia parasites instead have large, round intracellular organelles called spherical bodies. Evidence suggests that proteins from these organelles are released during the process of invading red blood cells, where spherical body proteins (SBPs) play an important role in cytoskeleton reorganization. In this study, we characterized the gene that encodes SBP4 in B. bigemina. This gene is transcribed and expressed in the erythrocytic stages of B. bigemina. The sbp4 gene consists of 834 nucleotides without introns that encode a protein of 277 amino acids. In silico analysis predicted a signal peptide that is cleaved at residue 20, producing a 28.88-kDa protein. The presence of a signal peptide and the absence of transmembrane domains suggest that this protein is secreted. Importantly, when cattle were immunized with recombinant B. bigemina SBP4, antibodies identified B. bigemina and B. ovata merozoites according to confocal microscopy observations and were able to neutralize parasite multiplication in vitro for both species. Four peptides with predicted B-cell epitopes were identified to be conserved in 17 different isolates from six countries. Compared with the pre-immunization sera, antibodies against these conserved peptides reduced parasite invasion in vitro by 57%, 44%, 42%, and 38% for peptides 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, sera from cattle infected with B. bigemina cattle contained antibodies that recognized the individual peptides. All these results support the concept of spb4 as a new gene in B. bigemina that should be considered a candidate for a vaccine to control bovine babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T07:09:31Z","timestamp":1679468971000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spherical Body Protein 4 from Babesia bigemina: A Novel Gene That Contains Conserved B-Cell Epitopes and Induces Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies in Babesia ovata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"C.A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Josimar","family":"Hernandez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Cruz-Res\u00e9ndiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Program, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Marquez-Cervantez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Program, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel Mauricio","family":"Valdez-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"Master\u2019s Program in Animal Health and Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Edificio A, Delegacion Coyoacan, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad\/INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla #8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh-Anh","family":"Dang-Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu-Thuy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minerva","family":"Camacho-Nuez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, San Lorenzo 290, Esquina Roberto Gayol, Col. del Valle Sur, Delegacion Benito Juarez, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Mercado-Uriostegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Queretaro 76140, Mexico"},{"name":"C.A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Aguilar-Tipacam\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias s\/n Col Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Alberto","family":"Ramos-Aragon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad\/INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla #8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-9923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Hernandez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad\/INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla #8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichiro","family":"Kawazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Ristic","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.10.006","article-title":"Babesia ovata: Taxonomy, phylogeny and epidemiology","volume":"229","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. 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