{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:00:44Z","timestamp":1776214844596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal German Ministry of Health","award":["2520COR402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2520COR402"]}]},{"name":"Federal German Ministry of Health","award":["2520COR418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2520COR418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance is important to adapt infection control measures and estimate the degree of underreporting. Blood donor samples can be used as a proxy for the healthy adult population. In a repeated cross-sectional study from April 2020 to April 2021, September 2021, and April\/May 2022, 13 blood establishments collected 134,510 anonymised specimens from blood donors in 28 study regions across Germany. These were tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleocapsid, including neutralising capacity. Seroprevalence was adjusted for test performance and sampling and weighted for demographic differences between the sample and the general population. Seroprevalence estimates were compared to notified COVID-19 cases. The overall adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained below 2% until December 2020 and increased to 18.1% in April 2021, 89.4% in September 2021, and to 100% in April\/May 2022. Neutralising capacity was found in 74% of all positive specimens until April 2021 and in 98% in April\/May 2022. Our serosurveillance allowed for repeated estimations of underreporting from the early stage of the pandemic onwards. Underreporting ranged between factors 5.1 and 1.1 in the first two waves of the pandemic and remained well below 2 afterwards, indicating an adequate test strategy and notification system in Germany.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:32:27Z","timestamp":1680489147000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Prevalence of Antibodies in a Large, Repetitive Cross-Sectional Study of Blood Donors in Germany\u2014Results from the SeBluCo Study 2020\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Offergeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Preu\u00dfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross Blood Service West, 58097 Hagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstanze","family":"Aurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara I.","family":"Baumann-Baretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haema AG, Landsteinerstra\u00dfe 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Ciesek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Virology, German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 39120 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M.","family":"Corman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, German National Reference Laboratory for Coronavirus, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Dienst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haema AG, Landsteinerstra\u00dfe 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, German National Reference Laboratory for Coronavirus, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"G\u00f6rg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marica","family":"Grossegesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Gert","family":"Heuft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology\/Blood Bank, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Houareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilay","family":"G\u00fclec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg\u2014Hessen, Sandhofstra\u00dfe 1, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Luis","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Klingberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross Blood Service West, 58097 Hagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Juhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lindemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Red Cross Blood Service, Herzog-Heinrich-Str. 2, 80336 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannelore K.","family":"Neuhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ohme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Eldagsener Stra\u00dfe 38, 31832 Springe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Peine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich J.","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg\u2014Hessen, Sandhofstra\u00dfe 1, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Umhau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, 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