{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:04:21Z","timestamp":1760148261097,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R21AI119439","NIH D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21AI119439","NIH D43TW001140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center\u2014US National Institutes of Health","award":["NIH R21AI119439","NIH D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21AI119439","NIH D43TW001140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread dispersion of pigs infected with cysticercosis across endemic villages, low cyst burden among infected pigs, and low prevalence of taeniasis all suggest that pig ingestion of human feces is not the only mode of transmission for Taenia solium. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of porcine cysticercosis associated with exposure to human feces, dung beetles, and flies in an endemic community setting. We used a cluster-randomized cohort design to compare the risk of developing antibodies and infection among 120 piglets raised in either free-roaming (FR), standard corral (SC), or netted corral environments (NC). We collected monthly blood samples to detect serum antibodies and necropsied all pigs after 10 months to identify cysts. A total of 66 piglets developed antibodies with the relative risk of seropositivity in FR vs. all corralled pigs increasing significantly after 18 weeks. Of 108 necropsied pigs, 15 had T. solium cysts, all belonging to the FR group. Corrals were protective against infection but less so against seropositivity. NC, which did not completely exclude insects, did not provide added protection against seropositivity as compared to SC. The results of this study suggest that dung beetles and flies do not play an important role in infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Role of Corrals and Insects in the Transmission of Porcine Cysticercosis: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloy","family":"Gonzales-Gustavson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian W.","family":"Pray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Percy","family":"Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Gomez-Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Vargas-Calla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3539-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pizzitutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru"},{"name":"Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15003, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud Animal y Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth E.","family":"O\u2019Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"Center of Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00085-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00085-19","article-title":"Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Its Impact in Neurological Disease","volume":"33","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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