{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:58:57Z","timestamp":1763665137269,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","award":["WFB-431-02\/S\/12\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFB-431-02\/S\/12\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLR) are involved in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Acanthamoeba spp. Thanks to this, it is possible for immune cells to recognize microorganisms and trigger the body\u2019s innate immune response. The stimulation of TLRs also leads to the activation of specific immunity. The aim of the study was to determine the TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression in the skin of BALC\/c mice infected with Acanthamoeba with AM22 strain isolated from a patient. Receptor expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the amoeba-infected host with normal (A) and reduced immunity (AS) as well as in the control host with normal immunity (C) and reduced immunity (CS). Statistical analysis of TLR2 gene expression in A and AS groups compared to C and CS groups, respectively, were statistically insignificant. In the A group, we found statistical upregulation of TLR4 gene expression at 8 dpi compared to the C group. While in AS group, TLR4 gene expression was at a similar level, such as in the CS group. Taking into account the host\u2019s immune status, the TLR4 gene expression was statistically higher in the skin of host from A group than in host from AS group at the beginning of the infection. Increased TLR4 gene expression in hosts with normal immunity infected with Acanthamoeba suggests the involvement of the studied receptor in the course of acanthamoebiasis. The above research results provide new data on the involvement of the studied receptor in the skin in the host\u2019s immune defense triggered during the Acanthamoeba infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:38:07Z","timestamp":1682307487000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Immunological Changes in the Skin of BALC\/c Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wojtkowiak-Giera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Derda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kolasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Walczykiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Solarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, D.L., van den Berg, E., Grayson, W., Mphahlele, M., and Frean, J. 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