{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:11:00Z","timestamp":1792069860050,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UAB STI Cooperative Research Center","award":["U19AI113212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI113212"]}]},{"name":"UAB STI Cooperative Research Center","award":["TL1TR003106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR003106"]}]},{"name":"UAB STI Cooperative Research Center","award":["1F31AI161785-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31AI161785-01A1"]}]},{"name":"UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) Pre-doctoral Research Training Program","award":["U19AI113212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI113212"]}]},{"name":"UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) Pre-doctoral Research Training Program","award":["TL1TR003106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR003106"]}]},{"name":"UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) Pre-doctoral Research Training Program","award":["1F31AI161785-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31AI161785-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID F31 award","award":["U19AI113212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI113212"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID F31 award","award":["TL1TR003106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR003106"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID F31 award","award":["1F31AI161785-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31AI161785-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-nitroimidazoles are the only FDA-approved medications for T. vaginalis treatment. However, 5-nitroimidazole resistance has been increasingly recognized and may occur in up to 10% of infections. We aimed to delineate mechanisms of T. vaginalis resistance using transcriptome profiling of metronidazole (MTZ)-resistant and sensitive T. vaginalis clinical isolates. In vitro, 5-nitroimidazole susceptibility testing was performed to determine minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) for T. vaginalis isolates obtained from women who had failed treatment (n = 4) or were successfully cured (n = 4). RNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and biostatistical analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the MTZ-resistant vs. sensitive T. vaginalis isolates. RNA sequencing identified 304 DEGs, 134 upregulated genes and 170 downregulated genes in the resistant isolates. Future studies with more T. vaginalis isolates with a broad range of MLCs are needed to determine which genes may represent the best alternative targets in drug-resistant strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T03:32:27Z","timestamp":1683689547000},"page":"692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis 5-Nitroimidazole Resistance Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keonte J.","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Reily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinodh","family":"Srinivasasainagendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina A.","family":"Muzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissinger, P. 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