{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:56:07Z","timestamp":1767207367200,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but increasingly prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality, requiring antimicrobials and at times surgical intervention. Through the decades of healthcare professionals\u2019 experience with managing IE, certain dogmas and uncertainties have arisen around its pharmacotherapy. The introduction of new antimicrobials and novel combinations are exciting developments but also further complicate IE treatment choices. In this review, we provide and evaluate the relevant evidence focused around contemporary debates in IE treatment pharmacotherapy, including beta-lactam choice in MSSA IE, combination therapies (aminoglycosides, ceftaroline), the use of oral antimicrobials, the role of rifamycins, and long-acting lipoglycopeptides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T09:56:18Z","timestamp":1683885378000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heartbreaking Decisions: The Dogma and Uncertainties of Antimicrobial Therapy in Infective Endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Adema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, East Carolina University Health, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aileen","family":"Ahiskali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Fida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krutika","family":"Mediwala Hornback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Health, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8308-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina G.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.01.002","article-title":"Global and regional burden of infective endocarditis, 1990\u20132010: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Baddour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. 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