{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:24:44Z","timestamp":1771266284177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES- Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are among the most commonly sold psittacines pets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic N. hollandicus and identify risk factors for this infection. We collected fecal samples from 100 domestic cockatiels in the city of Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Feces from birds of both genders and older than two months were collected. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire to identify how they handle and care for their birds. Based on nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the cockatiels sampled was 9.00%, 6.00% based on Malachite green staining, 5.00% based on modified Kinyoun straining, and 7.00% when the Malachite green was combined with Kinyoun. Applying multivariate logistic regression to test the association between Cryptosporidium proventriculi positivity and potential predictors showed that gastrointestinal alterations was a significant predictor (p &lt; 0.01). Amplicons from five samples were sequenced successfully and showed 100% similarity with C. proventriculi. In summary, this study demonstrates the occurrence of C. proventriculi in captive cockatiels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:33:01Z","timestamp":1684139581000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cryptosporidium proventriculi in Captive Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariele Fernanda da Cruz","family":"Panegossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter Bertequini","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escrit\u00f3rio de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria, Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Lins 16400-050, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno C\u00e9sar Miranda","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni\u00e3o das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos (Unilago), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15030-070, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elis Domingos","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni\u00e3o das Faculdades dos Grandes Lagos (Unilago), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15030-070, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jancarlo Ferreira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Instituto de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Vasconcelos","family":"Meireles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Akira","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds Rabelo","family":"do Santos-Doni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias (ICA), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1rios, Una\u00ed 36830-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz","family":"da Silveira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imunologia e Vacinologia, curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, Tocantins, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia Denise Saraiva","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105946","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection in humans and animals from Iraq: A review","volume":"220","author":"Alali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.007","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia\u2014A 50 Year Perspective (1971\u20132021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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