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Despite global efforts to control it, antimalarial drug resistance remains a great challenge. In 2009, our team identified, for the first time in Brazil, chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum parasites in isolates from the Brazilian Amazon. The present study extends those observations to include survey samples from 2010 to 2018 from the Amazonas and Acre states for the purpose of tracking pfcrt molecular changes in P. falciparum parasites. (2) Objective: to investigate SNPs in the P. falciparum gene associated with chemoresistance to CQ (pfcrt). (3) Methods: Sixty-six P. falciparum samples from the Amazonas and Acre states were collected from 2010 to 2018 in patients diagnosed at the Reference Research Center for Treatment and Diagnosis of Malaria (CPD-Mal\/Fiocruz), FMT-HVD and Acre Health Units. These samples were subjected to PCR and DNA Sanger sequencing to identify mutations in pfcrt (C72S, M74I, N75E, and K76T). (4) Results: Of the 66 P. falciparum samples genotyped for pfcrt, 94% carried CQ-resistant genotypes and only 4 showed a CQ pfcrt sensitive-wild type genotype, i.e., 1 from Barcelos and 3 from Manaus. (5) Conclusion: CQ-resistant P. falciparum populations are fixed, and thus, CQ cannot be reintroduced in malaria falciparum therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:35:50Z","timestamp":1684395350000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine-pfcrt Resistant Haplotypes in Brazilian Endemic Areas Four Decades after CQ Withdrawn"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"de Abreu-Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Ketrin","family":"Almeida-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Ervatti","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional do C\u00e2ncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7194-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa Rodrigues","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Prote\u00ednas de Pept\u00eddeos, CDTS Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Rosa","family":"De Lavigne Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas Tavares de","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8999-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline de Aguiar","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"N\u00facleo de Controle da Mal\u00e1ria\/Departamento de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica\/Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade\/SESAU-RR, Boa Vista 69305-080, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria das Gra\u00e7as Costa","family":"Alecrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Instituto de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Amazonas 69040-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7775-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Medeiros de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian Rose","family":"Pratt-Riccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Brasil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Tadeu","family":"Daniel-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Ferreira-da-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Mal\u00e1ria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa, Diagn\u00f3stico e Treinamento em Mal\u00e1ria (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, 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