{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:53:13Z","timestamp":1793904793588,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first leptospiral recombinant vaccine was developed in the late 1990s. Since then, progress in the fields of reverse vaccinology (RV) and structural vaccinology (SV) has significantly improved the identification of novel surface-exposed and conserved vaccine targets. However, developing recombinant vaccines for leptospirosis faces various challenges, including selecting the ideal expression platform or delivery system, assessing immunogenicity, selecting adjuvants, establishing vaccine formulation, demonstrating protective efficacy against lethal disease in homologous challenge, achieving full renal clearance using experimental models, and reproducibility of protective efficacy against heterologous challenge. In this review, we highlight the role of the expression\/delivery system employed in studies based on the well-known LipL32 and leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins, as well as the choice of adjuvants, as key factors to achieving the best vaccine performance in terms of protective efficacy against lethal infection and induction of sterile immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:39:47Z","timestamp":1685587187000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Challenges and Strategies for Developing Recombinant Vaccines against Leptospirosis: Role of Expression Platforms and Adjuvants in Achieving Protective Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha Rodrigues","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9145-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Denis Souza","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria Adrielly Catschor","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Andrade Colares","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds Larr\u00e9","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odir Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Dellagostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. 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