{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:57Z","timestamp":1760148717446,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth and General Foundation of Wuxi Municipal Health Commission of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"]}]},{"name":"Wuxi Science and Technology Research Project (Medical and Health Technology Research)","award":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"]}]},{"name":"Wuxi Science and Technology Planning Project (Medical and Public Health Research and development Project)","award":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"]}]},{"name":"Project of Public Health Research Center of Jiangnan University","award":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"]}]},{"name":"Open sharing of independent research projects for large-scale scientific instruments in Jiangsu Province","award":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q202001","Q201937","M202202","Y20222028","N20202040","JHPU201834","JUPH-RC-202005","TC2021A033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is an immunopathogenic disease characterized by egg granuloma and fibrosis. The hepatic fibrosis of schistosomiasis is caused by the coordinated action of local immune cells, liver-resident cells and related cytokines around the eggs of the liver. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), expressed in many cells, is an essential factor for promoting the survival, differentiation, and maturation of cells. The overexpression of BAFF is closely related to many autoimmune diseases and fibrosis, but has not been reported to play a role in liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis. In the study, we found that, during Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection in mice, the level of BAFF and its receptor BAFF-R progressively increased, then decreased with the extension of infection time, which was consistent with the progression of hepatic granuloma and fibrosis. Anti-BAFF treatment attenuated the histopathological damage in the liver of infected mice. The average areas of individual granulomas and liver fibrosis in anti-BAFF treatment mice were significantly lower than those in control mice, respectively. Anti-BAFF treatment increased the IL-10, decreased IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, TGF-\u03b2, and downregulated the antibody level against S. japonicum antigens. These results suggested that BAFF acts a strong player in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis. Anti-BAFF treatment may influence Th2 and Th17 responses, and reduce the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of schistosomiasis liver egg granuloma. It is suggested that BAFF might be a prospective target for the development of new methods to treat schistosomiasis liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Blocking BAFF Alleviates Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosoma japonicum-Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congjin","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Destructive effect of eggs of Schistosoma japonicum on spleens in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570524","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570524","article-title":"The Differential and Dynamic Progression of Hepatic Inflammation and Immune Responses During Liver Fibrosis Induced by Schistosoma japonicum or Carbon Tetrachloride in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787748","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.787748","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Potential New Therapeutic Drugs for Liver Fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roehlen, N., Crouchet, E., and Baumert, T.F. (2020). Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040875"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohdziewicz, A., Pawlik, K.K., Maciejewska, M., Sikora, M., Alda-Malicka, R., Czuwara, J., and Rudnicka, L. (2022). Future Treatment Options in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014Potential Targets and Ongoing Clinical Trials. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051310"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00061","article-title":"T Lymphocyte-Mediated Liver Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"713","article-title":"Research progress on the immunopathological mechanism of Schistosoma japonicum egg-induced granuloma","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasit. Dis. Dec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001724","article-title":"B cell response is required for granuloma formation in the early infection of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"3","author":"Ji","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04015-3","article-title":"B cells induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection display diverse regulatory phenotypes and modulate CD4+ T cell response","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007474","article-title":"B1 cells protect against Schistosoma japonicum\u2013induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by controlling monocyte infiltration","volume":"13","author":"Yong","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13238","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"195","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6605","article-title":"Regulatory B cells in infectious disease (Review)","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102493","article-title":"Aberrant B cells, autoimmunity and the benefit of targeting B cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"19","author":"Henig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.04.013","article-title":"B cell-activating factor regulates the survival of B lymphocytes infected with human cytomegalovirus","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108796","article-title":"BAFF promotes T cell activation through the BAFF-BAFF-R-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway","volume":"114","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.09.004","article-title":"Serum BAFF and thyroid autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"462","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136417","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.136417","article-title":"Effects of B cell\u2013activating factor on tumor immunity","volume":"5","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, J.H., Jiang, Y., Mu, H., and Tang, Z.Q. (2016). Expression of BAFF and BR3 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 49.","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20154853"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13817","article-title":"State-of-the-art treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.07.014","article-title":"The role of BAFF in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143393","article-title":"Changes in blood B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels in multiple sclerosis: A sign of treatment outcome","volume":"10","author":"Kannel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01775-9","article-title":"Are activated B cells involved in the process of myocardial fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction? An in vivo experiment","volume":"21","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"544","article-title":"The role of B cell activating factor in the differential diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jiehe He Huxi Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-021-00598-y","article-title":"BAFF signaling drives interstitial transformation of mouse renal tubular epithelial cells in a Pin1-dependent manner","volume":"57","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936182","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.936182","article-title":"The Role of B Cells in Scleroderma Lung Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Liossis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900391","article-title":"Blockade of BAFF Reshapes the Hepatic B Cell Receptor Repertoire and Attenuates Autoantibody Production in Cholestatic Liver Disease","volume":"204","author":"Thapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37403-y","article-title":"Depletion of B cell-activating factor attenuates hepatic fat accumulation in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3367","article-title":"To B or not to B\u2014That is the question for myocardial infarction","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115028","article-title":"Two birds with one stone: YQSSF regulates both proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow cells to relieve chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression","volume":"289","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783254","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.783254","article-title":"BAFF Blockade Attenuates DSS-Induced Chronic Colitis via Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome and NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Yang, Y., Mei, C., Dong, P., Mu, S., Wu, H., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., Guo, F., and Yang, J.Q. (2019). Inhibition of Rho-kinase downregulates Th17 cells and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by Schistosoma japonicum infection. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101262"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"377","article-title":"Identification of antigens in circulating immune complexes of Schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1387-z","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum: Proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins from ultraviolet-attenuated cercariae compared to normal cercariae","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: The great neglected tropical diseases","volume":"118","author":"Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000049","article-title":"Schistosomiasis then and now: What has changed in the last 100 years?","volume":"147","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700919","article-title":"BAFF Antagonist Attenuates the Development of Skin Fibrosis in Tight-Skin Mice","volume":"127","author":"Matsushita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1086\/595792","article-title":"Circulating CD23+ B cell subset correlates with the development of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni reinfection in occupationally exposed adults who have undergone multiple treatments","volume":"199","author":"Mwinzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"6613162","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Treg-Specific USP21 Knockout Mice","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3857","article-title":"Antibody-independent functions of B cells: A focus on cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611795","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611795","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells","volume":"12","author":"Mansilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022848","article-title":"Primary B-Cell Deficiencies Reveal a Link between Human IL-17-Producing CD4 T-Cell Homeostasis and B-Cell Differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Barbosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200301","article-title":"Longitudinal Immune Profiling Highlights CD4+ T Cell Exhaustion Correlated with Liver Fibrosis in Schistosoma japonicum Infection","volume":"210","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000082086","article-title":"Regulatory roles for cytokine-producing B cells in infection and autoimmune disease","volume":"8","author":"Lund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.705","article-title":"A case for regulatory B cells","volume":"176","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111504","article-title":"B and T cells collaborate in antiviral responses via IL-6, IL-21, and transcriptional activator and coactivator, Oct2 and OBF-1","volume":"209","author":"Karnowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.009","article-title":"Helminth-induced CD9+ B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006539","article-title":"Schistosome egg antigens, including the glycoprotein IPSE\/alpha-1, trigger the development of regulatory B cells","volume":"13","author":"Haeberlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.187","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of schistosome-induced granuloma and fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"Wahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051106","article-title":"The differential role of Smad2 and Smad3 in the regulation of pro-fibrotic TGFbeta1 responses in human proximal-tubule epithelial cells","volume":"393","author":"Phanish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F142","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00320.2009","article-title":"Noncanonical TGF-beta pathways, mTORC1 and Abl, in renal interstitial fibrogenesis","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"771","article-title":"Studies on the host-parasite relationship in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice: The immunological dependence of parasite egg excretion","volume":"35","author":"Doenhoff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.001","article-title":"Conservation of CD4+ T cell-dependent developmental mechanisms in the blood fluke pathogens of humans","volume":"37","author":"Lamb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1086\/508896","article-title":"The common \u03b3 chain cytokines interleukin (IL)\u20132 and IL-7 indirectly modulate blood fluke development via effects on CD4+ T cells","volume":"194","author":"Blank","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/6\/793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1760125618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/6\/793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12060793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}