{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:10:08Z","timestamp":1790914208047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U19A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19A2039"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31900141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900141"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KJQN202022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19A2039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["U19A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19A2039"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["31900141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900141"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["KJQN202022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), belonging to the \u03b1-coronavirus, is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Presently, protection from the existing PEDV vaccine is not effective. Therefore, anti-PEDV compounds should be studied. Berbamine (BBM), Fangchinoline (FAN), and (+)-Fangchinoline (+FAN), are types of bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids that are extracted from natural medicinal plants. These bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have various biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we found that BBM, FAN, and +FAN suppressed PEDV activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 9.00 \u00b5M, 3.54 \u00b5M, and 4.68 \u00b5M, respectively. Furthermore, these alkaloids can decrease the PEDV-N protein levels and virus titers in vitro. The time-of-addition assay results showed that these alkaloids mainly inhibit PEDV entry. We also found that the inhibitory effects of BBM, FAN, and +FAN on PEDV rely on decreasing the activity of Cathepsin L (CTSL) and Cathepsin B (CTSB) by suppressing lysosome acidification. Taken together, these results indicated that BBM, FAN, and +FAN were effective anti-PEDV natural products that prevented PEDV entry and may be considered novel antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T02:26:56Z","timestamp":1687228016000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bis-Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Inhibit Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Disrupting Virus Entry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Caisheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liumei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanxiang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjuan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Taizhou 225300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Sam","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49305","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949305","article-title":"Pebp1 Suppresses HIV Transcription and Induces Latency by Inactivating Mapk\/Nf-Kappab Signaling","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, F., Zhang, H., Li, L., Yang, Y., Zou, X., Chen, J., and Tang, X. 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