{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:16:56Z","timestamp":1789791416030,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS)","award":["CD 1329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD 1329-16"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA)","award":["CD 1329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD 1329-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The enzootic abortion of ewes, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), is one of the main causes of abortion in sheep. There are multiple contributory factors, including chlamydial growth, host immune response, and hormonal balance, that result in different pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion, the birth of weak lambs that may die, or healthy lambs. This study aimed to determine the relationship between phenotypical patterns of immune cell infiltration and different pregnancy outcomes in twin-bearing sheep (both lambs born dead; one alive and one dead; both alive) when experimentally infected with C. abortus. Both the sheep uteri and placentae were collected after parturition. All samples were analysed for specific immune cell features, including cell surface antigens and the T-regulatory (Treg) cell-associated transcription factor and cytokines, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Some of these immunological antigens were evaluated in ovine reproductive tissues for the first time. Differential patterns of T helper\/Treg cells revealed significant group effects in the placentae. It suggests the potential role that the balance of lymphocyte subsets may play in affecting different pregnancy outcomes in C. abortus-infected sheep. The present study provides novel detailed information about the immune responses observed at the maternofoetal interface in sheep at the time of pre-term abortion or lambing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T02:26:56Z","timestamp":1687228016000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Immune Response in the Uteri and Placentae of Chlamydia abortus-Infected Ewes and Its Association with Pregnancy Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Gaston","family":"Caspe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"},{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Mercedes, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Corrientes W3400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Andrew","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morag","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elspeth","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Donald","family":"Sargison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Ranjan","family":"Wattegedera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Longbottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0014-2","article-title":"Chlamydia abortus: New Aspects of Infectious Abortion in Sheep and Potential Risk for Pregnant Women","volume":"2","author":"Essig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0629","article-title":"Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications","volume":"128","author":"Longbottom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspe, S.G., Palarea-Albaladejo, J., Livingstone, M., Wattegedera, S.R., Milne, E., Sargison, N.D., and Longbottom, D. (Small Rumin. Res., 2023). The extent of placental pathology is negatively correlated to birth weight in ewes infected with the wild-type strain of Chlamydia abortus, Small Rumin. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4290966"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242526","article-title":"The 1B vaccine strain of Chlamydia abortus produces placental pathology indistinguishable from a wild type infection","volume":"15","author":"Caspe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177653","article-title":"Pathogenic outcome following experimental infection of sheep with Chlamydia abortus variant strains LLG and POS","volume":"12","author":"Livingstone","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400605","article-title":"Chlamydial infection in sheep: Immune control versus fetal pathology","volume":"94","author":"Entrican","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooding, P., and Burton, G. (2008). Comparative Placentation: Structures, Functions and Evolution, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78797-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2007.05.006","article-title":"T cell recognition and immunity in the fetus and mother","volume":"248","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0050067","article-title":"Evolution of mammalian pregnancy in the presence of the maternal immune system","volume":"5","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03025","article-title":"Immunological Homeostasis at the Ovine Placenta May Reflect the Degree of Maternal Fetal Interaction","volume":"9","author":"Wattegedera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02025","article-title":"T Helper (Th) Cell Profiles in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Losses: Th1\/Th2\/Th9\/Th17\/Th22\/Tfh Cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5","article-title":"Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins","volume":"175","author":"Mosmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D","article-title":"Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: Is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon?","volume":"14","author":"Wegmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.009","article-title":"Development of an in vivo model of Chlamydia abortus chronic infection in mice overexpressing IL-10","volume":"213","author":"Murcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2012.12.003","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 expression in placenta is associated to resistance to Chlamydia abortus after intragastric infection","volume":"56","author":"Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.06.006","article-title":"Variability in cytokine production and cell proliferation by mitogen-activated ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Modulation by interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12","volume":"102","author":"Wattegedera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20339","article-title":"Role of the novel Th17 cytokine IL-17F in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Upregulated colonic IL-17F expression in active Crohn\u2019s disease and analysis of the IL17F p.His161Arg polymorphism in IBD","volume":"14","author":"Seiderer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.07.003","article-title":"Antigen-specific peripheral immune responses are unaltered during normal pregnancy in sheep","volume":"77","author":"Wattegedera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0539","article-title":"Immune regulation during pregnancy and host-pathogen interactions in infectious abortion","volume":"126","author":"Entrican","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00351-8","article-title":"A role for tryptophan in immune control of chlamydial abortion in sheep","volume":"82","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-135-3-565","article-title":"Changes in Progesterone, Oestradiol 17\u03b2, and Intrauterine Prostaglandin E2 during Late Gestation in Sheep Experimentally Infected with an Ovine Abortion Strain of Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"135","author":"Leaver","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microbiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.10.003","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4TCR+ cells of the pregnant ovine uterus express variable T cell receptors and contain granulysin","volume":"84","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103435","article-title":"Innate immune response against HPV: Possible crosstalking with endocervical \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"148","author":"Dogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3684805","article-title":"The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation","volume":"15","author":"Thomson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0573","article-title":"Ovine chlamydial abortion: Characterization of the inflammatory immune response in placental tissues","volume":"127","author":"Buxton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80127-2","article-title":"Observations on the pathogenesis of Chlamydia psittaci infection of pregnant sheep","volume":"102","author":"Buxton","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.043","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of eight serological assays for diagnosing Chlamydophila abortus infection in sheep","volume":"135","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0475","article-title":"Detection of immune system cells in paraffin wax-embedded ovine tissues","volume":"125","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.033","article-title":"Molecular detection of Chlamydophila abortus in post-abortion sheep at oestrus and subsequent lambing","volume":"135","author":"Livingstone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0426-5","article-title":"Enhancing the toolbox to study IL-17A in cattle and sheep","volume":"48","author":"Wattegedera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-91","article-title":"Selection of Neospora caninum antigens stimulating bovine CD4+ve T cell responses through immuno-potency screening and proteomic approaches","volume":"42","author":"Rocchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.12.003","article-title":"Ovine trophoblast is a primary source of TNFalpha during Chlamydophila abortus infection","volume":"80","author":"Wheelhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.6.2387-2389.1995","article-title":"Electrophoretic analysis of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci reveals multimers which are recognized by protective monoclonal antibodies","volume":"63","author":"McCafferty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715625729","article-title":"Chlamydia pecorum: Fetal and placental lesions in sporadic caprine abortion","volume":"28","author":"Giannitti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"739","article-title":"Surface antigens, SBU-T4 and SBU-T8, of sheep T lymphocyte subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"55","author":"Maddox","year":"1985","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(96)05578-X","article-title":"Analysis of monoclonal antibodies specific for the gamma delta TcR","volume":"52","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-37","article-title":"NKp46 defines ovine cells that have characteristics corresponding to NK cells","volume":"42","author":"Connelley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01196.x","article-title":"Infestation of sheep with Psoroptes ovis, the sheep scab mite, results in recruitment of Foxp3+ T cells into the dermis","volume":"32","author":"McNeilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00007-7","article-title":"Development of an ELISA for bovine IL-10","volume":"85","author":"Kwong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00388-9","article-title":"Detection of cellular cytokine mRNA expression during orf virus infection in sheep: Differential interferon-gamma mRNA expression by cells in primary versus reinfection skin lesions","volume":"83","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspe, S.G., Palarea-Albaladejo, J., Underwood, C., Livingstone, M., Wattegedera, S.R., Milne, E., Sargison, N.D., Chianini, F., and Longbottom, D. (2021). Distribution and Severity of Placental Lesions Caused by the Chlamydia abortus 1B Vaccine Strain in Vaccinated Ewes. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050543"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","article-title":"QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bankhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Lenth, R.V. (2023, May 07). Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R Package Version 1.7.3. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. (2019). An R Companion to Applied Regression, Sage. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hartig, F. (2023, May 07). DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level\/Mixed) Regression Models. R Package Version 0.4.5. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=DHARMa."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139","article-title":"performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.09.002","article-title":"Exploiting ovine immunology to improve the relevance of biomedical models","volume":"66","author":"Entrican","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooding, F.B.P., and Flint, A.P.F. (1994). Placentation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1286-4_4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10514.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion using an indirect ELISA (rOMP91B iELISA) based on a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP91B of Chlamydophila abortus","volume":"195","author":"Longbottom","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5293-5298.2000","article-title":"Characterization of lymphocyte response in the female genital tract during ascending Chlamydial genital infection in the guinea pig model","volume":"68","author":"Rank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1746-1751.2000","article-title":"Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Are Necessary for the Recruitment of CD8+ T Cells in the Liver in a Pregnant Mouse Model of Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci Serotype 1) Infection","volume":"68","author":"Buendia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0411","article-title":"Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1) Clearance is Associated with the Early Recruitment of Neutrophils and CD8+T Cells in a Mouse Model","volume":"123","author":"Buendia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-5-498","article-title":"Kinetics of Infection and Effects on the Placenta of Clamydophila abortus in Experimentally Infected Pregnant Ewes","volume":"41","author":"Navarro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00489.x","article-title":"Frontline T cells: Gamma delta T cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"215","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343759","article-title":"Functional development of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"43","author":"Prinz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.024","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T lymphocytes are recruited into the inflamed uterus of bitches suffering from pyometra","volume":"194","author":"Bartoskova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210048","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2021-0048","article-title":"Possible impact of neutrophils on immune responses during early pregnancy in ruminants","volume":"18","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00457.x","article-title":"Mouse Granulated Metrial Gland Cell Cytotoxicity of Wehi 164 Cells: Is There a Role for Interleukin-3 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1?","volume":"41","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00675.x","article-title":"A murine model of NK cell mediated resorption","volume":"23","author":"Kinsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700913","article-title":"Natural Killer-Like Cells in the Sheep: Functional Characterization and Regulation by Pregnancy-Associated Proteins","volume":"227","author":"Tekin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1993.tb00833.x","article-title":"Natural killer cell activity of lymphocytes exposed to ovine, type I, trophoblast interferon","volume":"29","author":"Tuo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(03)00069-0","article-title":"Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the early innate immune response to Chlamydophila abortus infection in mice","volume":"130","author":"Ortega","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.028","article-title":"Pregnancy, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and chlamydial abortion: An unresolved paradox","volume":"135","author":"Entrican","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00703.x","article-title":"Th17 cytokines and mucosal immunity: New Paradigms in Inflammation","volume":"226","author":"Dubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.09.016","article-title":"Novel sampling procedure to characterize bovine subclinical endometritis by uterine secretions and tissue","volume":"141","author":"Helfrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000430857","article-title":"Protein Profiling of Women with Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"96","author":"Zain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacology"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/6\/846\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:56:37Z","timestamp":1760126197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/6\/846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12060846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]}}}