{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:33:50Z","timestamp":1790145230663,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health Service","award":["AI-32248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-32248"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service","award":["AI-67888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-67888"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service","award":["AI-160397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-160397"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service","award":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"]}]},{"name":"NIAID","award":["AI-32248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-32248"]}]},{"name":"NIAID","award":["AI-67888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-67888"]}]},{"name":"NIAID","award":["AI-160397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-160397"]}]},{"name":"NIAID","award":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["AI-32248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-32248"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["AI-67888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-67888"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["AI-160397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-160397"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAA-DAIT-75N93020R00022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an urgent need to produce a vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Here, using the Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) as an antigen, four adjuvant combinations IVAX-1 (MPLA+CpG-1018+AddaVax), IVAX-2 (MPLA+CpG-1018+AS03), CpG-1826+Montanide ISA 720 VG (CpG-1826+Mont) and CpG-1018+Montanide ISA 720 VG (CpG-1018+Mont), were tested for their local reactogenicity and ability to elicit protection in BALB\/c mice against a respiratory challenge with C. muridarum. Immunization with IVAX-1 or IVAX-2 induced no significant local reactogenicity following intramuscular immunization. In contrast, vaccines containing Montanide resulted in the formation of a local granuloma. Based on the IgG2a\/IgG1 ratio in serum, the four adjuvant combinations elicited Th1-biased responses. IVAX-1 induced the highest in vitro neutralization titers while CpG-1018+Mont stimulated the lowest. As determined by the levels of IFN-\u03b3 produced by T-cells, the most robust cellular immune responses were elicited in mice immunized with CpG-1018+Mont, while the weakest responses were mounted by mice receiving IVAX-1. Following the respiratory challenge, mice immunized with CpG-1018+Mont lost the least amount of body weight and had the lowest number of C. muridarum inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in the lungs, while those receiving IVAX-2 had lost the most weight and had the highest number of IFUs in their lungs. Animals vaccinated with CpG-1826+Mont had the lightest lungs while those immunized using IVAX-2 had the heaviest. To conclude, due to their safety and adjuvanticity, IVAX formulations should be considered for inclusion in human vaccines against Chlamydia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:57:53Z","timestamp":1687489073000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Four Adjuvant Combinations, IVAX-1, IVAX-2, CpG-1826+Montanide ISA 720 VG and CpG-1018+Montanide ISA 720 VG, for Safety and for Their Ability to Elicit Protective Immune Responses in Mice against a Respiratory Challenge with Chlamydia muridarum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sukumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoli","family":"Slepenkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiin","family":"Felgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Huw Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Felgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"de la Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2021). 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