{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:23:29Z","timestamp":1769167409389,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as \u201cSpanish flu\u201d, even though Spain was not its place of origin. \u201cSpanish flu\u201d was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for \u201cSpanish flu\u201d. Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:39:13Z","timestamp":1687757953000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with \u201cSpanish Flu\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Florigio","family":"Lista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanit\u00e0 Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario Stefano","family":"Peragallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanit\u00e0 e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell\u2019Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Biselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ispettorato Generale della Sanit\u00e0 Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2097-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanit\u00e0 Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Nisini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"D\u2019Amelio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30484-9","article-title":"Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics","volume":"20","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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