{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:43Z","timestamp":1787029243893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Activities from Global Affairs and the School of Veterinary Medicine"},{"name":"UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Student Support Program Fellowship"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine Global Programs Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite. Infection with T. gondii can cause congenital toxoplasmosis in developing fetuses and acute outbreaks in the general population, and the disease burden is especially high in South America. Prior studies found that the environmental stage of T. gondii, oocysts, is an important source of infection in Brazil; however, no studies have quantified this risk relative to other parasite stages. We developed a Bayesian quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to estimate the relative attribution of the two primary parasite stages (bradyzoite and oocyst) that can be transmitted in foods to people in Brazil. Oocyst contamination in fruits and greens contributed significantly more to overall estimated T. gondii infections than bradyzoite-contaminated foods (beef, pork, poultry). In sensitivity analysis, treatment, i.e., cooking temperature for meat and washing efficiency for produce, most strongly affected the estimated toxoplasmosis incidence rate. Due to the lack of regional food contamination prevalence data and the high level of uncertainty in many model parameters, this analysis provides an initial estimate of the relative importance of food products. Important knowledge gaps for oocyst-borne infections were identified and can drive future studies to improve risk assessments and effective policy actions to reduce human toxoplasmosis in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:39:13Z","timestamp":1687757953000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantitative Risk Assessment of Oocyst Versus Bradyzoite Foodborne Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"VanWormer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7162-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edlian Maria Garcia","family":"Bahia-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Maca\u00e9 27930-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Augusto","family":"DaMatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Souto","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","article-title":"The History of Toxoplasma gondii\u2014The First 100 Years","volume":"55","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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