{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:04:08Z","timestamp":1792015448559,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brigitte und Prof. Dr. Reiner M\u00fcller-Peddinghaus Foundation"},{"name":"The Royal Thai Government"},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Rese\u2013arch Foundation)"},{"name":"491094227 \u201cOpen Access Publication Funding\u201d"},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune response plays a key role in the treatment of malignant tumors. One important molecule promoting humoral and cellular immunity is granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Numerous successful trials have led to the approval of this immune-stimulating molecule for cancer therapy. However, besides immune stimulation, GM-CSF may also accelerate tumor cell proliferation, rendering this molecule a double-edged sword in cancer treatment. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the in vitro function of GM-CSF produced by infected tumor cells is urgently needed prior to investigations in an in vivo model. The aim of the present study was to functionally characterize a persistent infection of canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) with the canine distemper virus strain Onderstepoort genetically engineered to express canine GM-CSF (CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF). The investigations aimed (1) to prove the overall functionality of the virally induced production of GM-CSF and (2) to determine the effect of GM-CSF on the proliferation and motility of canine HS cells. Infected cells consistently produced high amounts of active, pH-stable GM-CSF, as demonstrated by increased proliferation of HeLa cells. By contrast, DH82 cells lacked increased proliferation and motility. The significantly increased secretion of GM-CSF by persistently CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF-infected DH82 cells, the pH stability of this protein, and the lack of detrimental effects on DH82 cells renders this virus strain an interesting candidate for future studies aiming to enhance the oncolytic properties of CDV for the treatment of canine histiocytic sarcomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:19:20Z","timestamp":1687832360000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional Granulocyte\u2013Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Marek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Armando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7179-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanaporn","family":"Asawapattanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Maria","family":"Nippold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Plattet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse University Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1326-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisa","family":"Gerold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Puff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12252","article-title":"Clinical prognostic factors in canine histiocytic sarcoma","volume":"15","author":"Dervisis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. 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