{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:47:08Z","timestamp":1792806428674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["RYC2021-031227-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-031227-I"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["Proyecto19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proyecto19"]}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR","award":["RYC2021-031227-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-031227-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/PRTR","award":["Proyecto19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proyecto19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga Plan Propio (Ayuda G)","award":["RYC2021-031227-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-031227-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036b2ww28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga Plan Propio (Ayuda G)","award":["Proyecto19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proyecto19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036b2ww28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and presents clinical symptoms similar to those of smallpox, such as fever and vesicular\u2013pustular skin lesions. However, the differential diagnosis between smallpox and monkeypox is that smallpox does not cause lymphadenopathy but monkeypox generates swelling in the lymph nodes. Since the eradication of smallpox, MPXV has been identified as the most common Orthopoxvirus to cause human disease. Despite MPXV being endemic to certain regions of Africa, the current MPXV outbreak, which began in early 2022, has spread to numerous countries worldwide, raising global concern. As of the end of May 2023, over 87,545 cases and 141 deaths have been reported, with most cases identified in non-endemic countries, primarily due to human-to-human transmission. To better understand this emerging threat, this review presents an overview of key aspects of MPXV infection, including its animal reservoirs, modes of transmission, animal models, epidemiology, clinical and immunological features, diagnosis, treatments, vaccines, and prevention strategies. The material presented here provides a comprehensive understanding of MPXV as a disease, while emphasizing the significance and unique characteristics of the 2022 outbreak. This offers valuable information that can inform future research and aid in the development of effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1689644762000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Emilia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Institute of Research and Services (ITRANS), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Quezada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fidel Antonio Guadalupe","family":"Casillas-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Institute of Research and Services (ITRANS), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Josu\u00e9","family":"Carrillo-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Institute of Research and Services (ITRANS), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ortega-Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Jimenez-Guarde\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Regla-Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiecco, G., Degli Antoni, M., Storti, S., Tomasoni, L.R., Castelli, F., and Quiros-Roldan, E. 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