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Ivermectin kills the microfilariae and temporarily arrests microfilariae production by the macrofilariae. We genotyped 436 microfilariae from 10 people each in Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Maridi County, South Sudan, collected before and 4\u20135 months after ivermectin treatment. Population genetic analyses identified 52 and 103 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes among the microfilariae from DRC and South Sudan, respectively, with few haplotypes shared between people. The percentage of genotype-based correct assignment to person within DRC was ~88% and within South Sudan ~64%. Rarefaction and extrapolation analysis showed that the genetic diversity in DRC, and even more so in South Sudan, was captured incompletely. The results indicate that the per-person adult worm burden is likely higher in South Sudan than DRC. Analyses of haplotype data from a subsample (n = 4) did not discriminate genetically between pre- and post-treatment microfilariae, confirming that post-treatment microfilariae are not the result of new infections. With appropriate sampling, mitochondrial haplotype analysis could help monitor changes in the number of macrofilariae in a population as a result of treatment, identify cases of potential treatment failure, and detect new infections as an indicator of continuing transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:35:56Z","timestamp":1690248956000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing Onchocerca volvulus Intensity of Infection and Genetic Diversity Using Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of Single Microfilariae Obtained before and after Ivermectin Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Hedtke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis and McDonnell Genome Institute, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5831-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusha","family":"Kode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowtam C.","family":"Chalasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Sirwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Jada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amref South Sudan, Juba P.O. Box 30125, South Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Health Division Ituri, Ministry of Health, Bunia P.O. Box 57, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Siewe Fodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glory Ngongeh","family":"Amambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael A.","family":"Abong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 474, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. 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