{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:14:35Z","timestamp":1781946875170,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education","award":["MOE-112-S-023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-112-S-023-A"]}]},{"name":"TE Health Consultant Company Limited","award":["MOE-112-S-023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-112-S-023-A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult camel leukosis is an emerging hematological and neoplastic disease in dromedaries. It has been hypothesized that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or its genetic variants may be associated with adult camel leukosis. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect all possible viruses in five lung samples from five dromedaries with histopathological evidence of adult camel leukosis and four tissue samples from two control dromedaries. A total throughput of 114.7 Gb was achieved, with an average of 12.7 Gb\/sample. For each sample, all the pair-end 151-bp reads were filtered to remove rRNA sequences, bacterial genomes and redundant sequences, resulting in 1\u20137 Gb clean reads, of which &lt;3% matched to viruses. The largest portion of these viral sequences was composed of bacterial phages. About 100\u2013300 reads in each sample matched \u201cmultiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus\u201d, but manual analysis showed that they were only repetitive sequences commonly present in mammalian genomes. All viral reads were also extracted for analysis, confirming that no BLV or its genetic variants or any other virus was detected in the nine tissue samples. NGS is not only useful for detecting microorganisms associated with infectious diseases, but also important for excluding an infective cause in scenarios where such a possibility is suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12080995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T03:30:02Z","timestamp":1690774202000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Usefulness of Next-Generation Sequencing in Excluding Bovine Leukemia Virus as a Cause of Adult Camel Leukosis in Dromedaries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Wernery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3912-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jade L. L.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9122-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Kinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Lung","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China"},{"name":"Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safna","family":"Anas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna K. P.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick C. Y.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kinne, J., and Wernery, U. (2006, January 10\u201312). Lymphosarcoma in dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 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