{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:27:29Z","timestamp":1760149649156,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008781","name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WFB-431\/S\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFB-431\/S\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Free-living amoebas can impact the excretion of macroelements and microelements in urine. The aim of the present study was to examine the concentrations of macroelements, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), as well as microelements such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and chromium (Cr), in the urine during acanthamoebiasis while considering the host\u2019s immunological status. This is the first study to show an increase in urinary excretion of Ca, Mn, Cu, Fe, Na, and Cr, along with a decreased excretion of K, in immunocompetent mice 16 days post Acanthamoeba sp. infection. In the final phase of infection (24 dpi), there was a further decrease in urinary K excretion and a lower level of P in Acanthamoeba sp. infected immunocompetent hosts. During acanthamoebiasis in immunosuppressed hosts, increased excretion of Zn, Fe, and Cr was observed at the beginning of the infection, and increased Na excretion only at 16 days post Acanthamoeba sp. infection. Additionally, host immunosuppression affected the concentration of Fe, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ca in urine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:13:57Z","timestamp":1692008037000},"page":"1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Macroelement and Microelement Levels in the Urine in Experimental Acanthamoebiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Baranowska-Bosiacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kupnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Przydalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u0141anocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Chlubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Wojciechowska-Koszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danuta Izabela","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12843","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12843","article-title":"Acanthamoeba endophthalmitis during treatment for cutaneous\u2019 disease in a renal transplant patient","volume":"20","author":"Kutner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. 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