{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:19:36Z","timestamp":1792603176483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","award":["001\/1776257, Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/1776257, Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","award":["2013\/07793-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07793-6"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001\/1776257, Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/1776257, Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/07793-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07793-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel approaches for caries lesion removal and treatment have been proposed. This study evaluates the combined use of an experimental ultrasound, aPDT (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy) and bioactive glasses on the removal, decontamination and remineralization of dentin caries lesions. A biological model created with a duo species biofilm (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus) was used for the development of a caries-like lesion over the dentin for 7 days. Bovine dentin specimens (4 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 2 mm) were randomized according to the following caries removal techniques: bur (BUR) or ultrasound (ULT), decontamination (with or without aPDT) and remineralization materials (45S5 or F18 bioactive glasses). The following different groups were investigated: caries lesion (control); sound dentin (control); BUR; BUR + aPDT; ULT; ULT + aPDT; BUR + 45S5, BUR + F18; ULT + 45S5; ULT + F18; BUR + aPDT + 45S5; BUR + aPDT + F18; ULT + aPDT + 45S5; and ULT + aPDT + F18. Transverse microradiography (TMR), cross-sectional microhardness (CSH), FT-Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy (CLSM) were performed. A two-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s test were used (\u03b1 = 0.05). (3) Results: The TMR revealed a lesion depth of 213.9 \u00b1 49.5 \u03bcm and a mineral loss of 4929.3% vol.\u03bcm. The CSH increases as a function of depth, regardless of the group (p &lt; 0.05). Removal with BUR (24.40\u201363.03 KHN) has a greater CSH than ULT (20.01\u201347.53 KHN; p &lt; 0.05). aPDT did not affect the CSH (p &gt; 0.05). No difference was observed between 45S5 or F18 (p &gt; 0.05), but a change was observed for ULT (p &gt; 0.05). The FT-Raman shows no differences for the phosphate (p &gt; 0.05), but a difference is observed for the carbonate and C-H bonds. The CLSM images show that aPDT effectively inactivates residual bacteria. A combination of ULT, aPDT and bioactive glasses can be a promising minimally invasive treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:15:48Z","timestamp":1692267348000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Using Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Ultrasound Devices and Bioactive Glasses as a Combined Approach for Treating Dentin Caries Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8747-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Felipe","family":"Besegato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Borges Gobbo de","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson C\u00e9sar","family":"Abreu Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Health Sciences, University of Araraquara\u2014UNIARA, Araraquara 14801-340, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Trevelin","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos\u2014UFSCar, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar Dutra","family":"Zanotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos\u2014UFSCar, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4833-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanderlei Salvador","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Physics, Physics Institute of S\u00e3o Carlos, University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra Nara","family":"de Souza Rastelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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