{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:28:46Z","timestamp":1765268926888,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. In the Mediterranean region, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania. infantum, and it is usually responsible for symptoms such as fever, pancytopenia and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Relapse is rare in immunocompetent patients as much as the mucous involvement. We present a rare case of mucosal relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in a child with SARS-CoV-2 infection and perform an extensive review of the literature about leishmaniasis relapses in children. Atypical mucosal involvement during Leishmaniasis relapse is an eventuality in pediatric patients. Clinical follow-up and periodic PCR tests must be considered essential for the early recognition and treatment of an eventual relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1693793690000},"page":"1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mucosal Relapse of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Child with SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Colomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, \u201cG. Di Cristina\u201d Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Boncori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4544-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Garbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bagarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Condemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, \u201cG. Di Cristina\u201d Hospital, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, AOU Policlinico \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e544","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003699","article-title":"Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated With COVID-19 and Complicated by Hemophagocytic Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Pessoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 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