{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:19:03Z","timestamp":1787170743339,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia de Regulaci\u00f3n y Control Fito y Zoosanitario (AGROCALIDAD)"},{"name":"National Brucellosis Program"},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of Ecuador (MAG)"},{"name":"Panamerican Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PANAFTOSA)"},{"name":"Academy of Research and Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic contagious disease. According to World Animal Health Information System reports Ecuador has presented an increasing number of bovine brucellosis outbreaks in the continental territory over the past years (756 in 2018 versus 964 in 2021), generating economic losses for producers and causing a risk to public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk or protective factors between May and June 2018. This stratified random study was implemented in 290 cattle herds located in the 23 provinces of continental Ecuador, which represents a total of 3737 cows aged 24 months or older. A competitive ELISA was used to detect Brucella antibodies. Simultaneously, an epidemiological survey was implemented to assess the brucellosis risk or protective factors. The apparent prevalence of bovine brucellosis at the herd level was 21.3% (95% CI: 16.8\u201326.6) and 6.2% (95% CI: 5.5\u20137) at the animal level. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the potential factors associated with the presence of bovine brucellosis. The risk factors identified after multivariate analysis were a surface in ha per herd &gt; 70 ha (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.18\u20136.32) and the number of parturitions per animal (two or more with OR \u2265 1.8 and p-value \u2264 0.047). On the contrary, the protective factors were the region (farms located in the eastern region) and the absence of reported clinical signs. In addition, in herds where extensive production predominates, farmers have a low level of knowledge, and the farm biosecurity level is low. These results can guide the authorities in managing the risk factors identified, understanding the current epidemiological situation in Ecuador, improving the bovine brucellosis control program and food safety, as well as increase the one-health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1693994857000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Related to Bovine Brucellosis in Continental Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Garrido-Haro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia de Regulaci\u00f3n y Control Fito y Zoosanitario\u2014AGROCALIDAD, Quito 170184, Ecuador"},{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margoth","family":"Barrionuevo-Samaniego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia de Regulaci\u00f3n y Control Fito y Zoosanitario\u2014AGROCALIDAD, Quito 170184, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Moreno-Caballeros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia de Regulaci\u00f3n y Control Fito y Zoosanitario\u2014AGROCALIDAD, Quito 170184, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Burbano-Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia de Regulaci\u00f3n y Control Fito y Zoosanitario\u2014AGROCALIDAD, Quito 170184, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel J.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA), Rio de Janeiro 25020-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Pompei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA), Rio de Janeiro 25020-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-France","family":"Humblet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Biosafety, Biosecurity and Environmental Licenses, Department for Occupational Protection and Hygiene, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ron-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingenier\u00eda Agropecuaria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Saegerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, November 05). 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