{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:59:35Z","timestamp":1780059575466,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VETLAB network initiative of the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre"},{"name":"IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative Project funded by the Government of the Unites States of America"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild pigs. ASF seriously affects the global swine industry as the mortality rate can reach 100% with highly virulent strains. In 2007, ASF was introduced into the Caucasus and spread to Russia and later into other European and Asian countries. This study reported the first whole-genome sequence (WGS) of the ASF virus (ASFV) that was detected in a Mongolian wild boar. This sequence was then compared to other WGS samples from Asia and Europe. Results show that the ASFV Genotype II from Mongolia is similar to the Asian Genotype II WGS. However, there were three nucleotide differences found between the Asian and European genome sequences, two of which were non-synonymous. It was also observed that the European Genotype II ASFV WGS was more diverse than that of the Asian counterparts. The study demonstrates that the ASFV Genotype II variants found in wild boars and domestic pigs are highly similar, suggesting these animals might have had direct or indirect contact, potentially through outdoor animal breeding. In conclusion, this study provides a WGS and mutation spectrum of the ASFV Genotype II WGS in Asia and Europe and thus provides important insights into the origin and spread of ASFV in Mongolia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T09:51:37Z","timestamp":1694080297000},"page":"1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparison of the Whole-Genome Sequence of the African Swine Fever Virus from a Mongolian Wild Boar with Genotype II Viruses from Asia and Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulaankhuu","family":"Ankhanbaatar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agathe","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerelmaa","family":"Ulziibat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirumala B. K.","family":"Settypalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delgerzul","family":"Gombo-Ochir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganzorig","family":"Basan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taichiro","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdene-Ochir","family":"Tseren-Ochir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17029, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Ouled Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene Kasindi","family":"Meki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baba","family":"Soumare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Metlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cattoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, J., Zhang, Y., Shi, C., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Wu, X., Cao, S., Xu, F., and Wang, Z. 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