{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:39:04Z","timestamp":1768999144505,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACYT","award":["CVU 349678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU 349678"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 was the cause of the global pandemic that caused a total of 14.9 million deaths during the years 2020 and 2021, according to the WHO. The virus presents a mutation rate between 10\u22125 and 10\u22123 substitutions per nucleotide site per cell infection (s\/n\/c). Due to this, studies aimed at knowing the evolution of this virus could help us to foresee (through the future development of new detection strategies and vaccines that prevent the infection of this virus in human hosts) that a pandemic caused by this virus will be generated again. In this research, we performed a functional annotation and identification of changes in Nsp (non-structural proteins) domains in the coronavirus genome. The comparison of the 13 selected coronavirus pangenomes demonstrated a total of 69 protein families and 57 functions associated with the structural domain\u2019s differentials between genomes. A marked evolutionary conservation of non-structural proteins was observed. This allowed us to identify and classify highly pathogenic human coronaviruses into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta groups. The designed Nsp cluster provides insight into the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that it continues to evolve rapidly. An evolutionary marker allows us to discriminate between phylogenetically divergent groups, viral genotypes, and variants between the alpha and betacoronavirus genera. These types of evolutionary studies provide a window of opportunity to use these Nsp as targets of viral therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T04:53:05Z","timestamp":1695271985000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-Structural Proteins (Nsp): A Marker for Detection of Human Coronavirus Families"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica, Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninfa Mar\u00eda","family":"Rosas-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental del Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn Abraham","family":"Ayil-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONAHCYT-Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Biotecnolog\u00eda Vegetal, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Bello-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07760, Campeche, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Alberto","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Carmen, Calle 56 N. 4, Av. 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Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahaira de Jes\u00fas","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental del Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.228","article-title":"COVID-19 in early 2023: Structure, replication mechanism, variants of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tests, and vaccine & drug development studies","volume":"4","author":"Dalman","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01951-7","article-title":"Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins: A global analysis","volume":"19","author":"Abavisani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. 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