{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:09:05Z","timestamp":1776424145686,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INSTAND, ev. D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","award":["KPHBO23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPHBO23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human Lyme borreliosis (LB) represents a multisystem disorder that can progress in stages. The causative agents are transmitted by hard ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex that have been infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Today, LB is considered the most important human tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent was identified and successfully isolated in 1982 and, shortly thereafter, antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and efficacious. Since then, various in vitro studies have been conducted in order to improve our knowledge of the activity of antimicrobial agents against B. burgdorferi s. l. The full spectrum of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility has still not been defined for some of the more recently developed compounds. Moreover, our current understanding of the in vitro interactions between B. burgdorferi s. l. and antimicrobial agents, and their possible mechanisms of resistance remains very limited and is largely based on in vitro susceptibility experiments on only a few isolates of Borrelia. Even less is known about the possible mechanisms of the in vitro persistence of spirochetes exposed to antimicrobial agents in the presence of human and animal cell lines. Only a relatively small number of laboratory studies and cell culture experiments have been conducted. This review summarizes what is and what is not known about the in vitro susceptibility of B. burgdorferi s. l. It aims to shed light on the known unknowns that continue to fuel current debates on possible treatment resistance and mechanisms of persistence of Lyme disease spirochetes in the presence of antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1695887426000},"page":"1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Shedding Light on the Known Unknowns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Hunfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"INSTAND e.V., Gesellschaft zur F\u00f6rderung der Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Ubierstra\u00dfe 20, D-40223 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kraiczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Lohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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