{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:05:39Z","timestamp":1792137939358,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Aplicadas (CIBA)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central\/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in birds, mammals, and humans in Chile. Chile\u2019s encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. In 2016\u20132017, LPAI H7N6 caused outbreaks in turkey, linked to wild birds in Chile and Bolivia. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus in 2009 decreased egg production in turkeys. Since 2012, diverse IAV subtypes have emerged in backyard poultry and pigs. Reassortant AIVs, incorporating genes from both North and South American isolates, have been found in wild birds since 2007. Notably, from December 2022, HPAI H5N1 was detected in wild birds, sea lions, and a human, along Chile\u2019s north coast. It was introduced through Atlantic migratory flyways from North America. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity on poultry farms and ongoing genomic surveillance to understand and manage AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:08:33Z","timestamp":1697530113000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Godoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Montes de","family":"Oca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Pontigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Kibenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick","family":"Kibenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Koonin, E.V., Dolja, V.V., Krupovic, M., Varsani, A., Wolf, Y.I., Yutin, N., Zerbini, F.M., and Kuhn, J.H. (2019). Create a Megataxonomic Framework, Filling All Principal Taxonomic Ranks, for Realm Riboviria, ICTV. Unpublished."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turnbull, O.M.H., Ortiz-Baez, A.S., Eden, J.-S., Shi, M., Williamson, J.E., Gaston, T.F., Zhang, Y.-Z., Holmes, E.C., and Geoghegan, J.L. (2020). Meta-Transcriptomic Identification of Divergent Amnoonviridae in Fish. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.06.329003"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baaa062","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062","article-title":"NCBI Taxonomy: A comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools","volume":"2020","author":"Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, R., Wille, M., Turnbull, O.M.H., Geoghegan, J.L., and Holmes, E.C. (2020). Divergent Influenza-Like Viruses of Amphibians and Fish Support an Ancient Evolutionary Association. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.27.270959"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre, A. (2023, June 05). Create One New Genus (Mykissvirus) Including One New Species (Mykissvirus tructae) (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae). Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/ictv\/proposals\/2021.022M.R.Orthomyxoviridae_1ngen_1nsp_Mykiss.zip."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Mohr, P.G., Godwin, S.E., Morrison, R.N., Carson, J., Crane, M.S.t.J., and Moody, N.J.G. (2023, June 02). Create One New Genus (Sardinovirus) Including One New Species (Sardinovirus pilchardi) (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae). Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/ictv\/proposals\/2021.023M.R.Orthomyxoviridae_1ngen_1nsp_Sardino.zip."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrone, M.E., Parry, R., Mifsud, J.C.O., Van Brussel, K., Vorhees, I., Richards, Z.T., and Holmes, E.C. (2023). Evidence for an Aquatic Origin of Influenza Virus and the order Articulavirales. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.15.528772"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038489","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038489","article-title":"The Ecology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Wille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls","volume":"79","author":"Fouchier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.03.001","article-title":"One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus","volume":"1","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"158","article-title":"The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Schountz, T., and Ma, W. (2021). Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040547"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Posada, M.E., and Ramirez-Nieto, G.C. (2022). Molecular Evidence of Orthomyxovirus Presence in Colombian Neotropical Bats. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.845546"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, S., Harder, T.C., Schwemmle, M., and Ciminski, K. (2021). Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events\u2014Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112250"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, June 05). Types of Influenza Viruses, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/viruses\/types.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122438","article-title":"Global Patterns of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds","volume":"312","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38415-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution of A(H5N1) influenza viruses after intercontinental spread to North America","volume":"14","author":"Kandeil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamarra-Toledo, V., Plaza, P.I., Guti\u00e9rrez, R., Inga-Diaz, G., Saravia-Guevara, P., Pereyra-Meza, O., Coronado-Flores, E., Calder\u00f3n-Cerr\u00f3n, A., Quiroz-Jim\u00e9nez, G., and Martinez, P. (2023). Mass Mortality of Marine Mammals Associated to Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus (H5N1) in South America. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.08.527769"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, May 30). Human Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Chile, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/avianflu\/spotlights\/2022-2023\/chile-first-case-h5n1-addendum.htm."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Animal Health Information System (2023, September 07). High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI)\u2014Situation Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/document\/high-pathogenicity-avian-influenza-hpai-situation-report-47\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orozco, C. (2005). The SPS Agreement and Crisis Management: The Chile\u2013EU Avian Influenza Experience. Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139030526.011"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1637\/7631-042806R1.1","article-title":"Avian Influenza in Chile: A Successful Experience","volume":"51","author":"Max","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030396","article-title":"Recombination Resulting in Virulence Shift in Avian Influenza Outbreak, Chile","volume":"10","author":"Suarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rojas Olavarr\u00eda, H., Moreira Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, R., and Mundial, B. (2009). Influenza Aviar en Chile 2002: Una Sinopsis, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperaci\u00f3n para la Agricultura (IICA)\u2014Banco Mundial (BM)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-27","article-title":"Susceptibility of turkeys to pandemic-H1N1 virus by reproductive tract insemination","volume":"7","author":"Wasilenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091402","article-title":"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Breeding Turkeys, Valparaiso, Chile","volume":"16","author":"Mathieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13166","article-title":"H7N6 low pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in commercial turkey farms in Chile caused by a native South American Lineage. Transbound","volume":"68","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1595162","article-title":"Low pathogenic avian influenza (H7N6) virus causing an outbreak in commercial Turkey farms in Chile","volume":"8","author":"Torchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.02.018","article-title":"Circulation of influenza in backyard productive systems in central Chile and evidence of spillover from wild birds","volume":"153","author":"Bahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.10.004","article-title":"Presence of influenza viruses in backyard poultry and swine in El Yali wetland, Chile","volume":"134","author":"Lazo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.254","article-title":"Risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza A virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central Chile","volume":"6","author":"Baumberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.01.008","article-title":"Avian Influenza in wild birds from Chile, 2007\u20132009","volume":"199","author":"Mathieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wild birds in Chile Harbor diverse avian influenza A viruses","volume":"7","author":"Karlsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, S., Galdames, P., Baumberger, C., Gonzalez, M.A., Rojas, C., Oyarzun, C., Orozco, K., Mattar, C., Freiden, P., and Sharp, B. (2023). Remote Sensing and Ecological Variables Related to Influenza A Prevalence and Subtype Diversity in Wild Birds in the Lluta Wetland of Northern Chile. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0199.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariyama, N., Pardo Roa, C., Munoz, G., Aguayo, C., Avila, C., Mathieu, C., Brito, B., Medina, R., Johow, M., and Neira-Ramirez, V. (2023). Emergence and rapid dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds, Chile. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.07.535949"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"SAG (Agricultural and Livestock Service) (2023, May 25). Servicio Agr\u00edcola y Ganadero, Ministerio de Agricultura de Chile. Plataforma de Influenza Aviar. Available online: https:\/\/www.sag.gob.cl\/ia."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220569","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2220569","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic A\/H5N1 avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Chile, 2022","volume":"12","author":"Siegers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azat, C., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Aguilera, J.F., and Benavides, J.A. (2023). Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.24.538139"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ulloa, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Ariyama, N., Colom-Rivero, A., Rivera, C., Nu\u00f1ez, P., Sanhueza, P., Johow, M., Araya, H., and Torres, J.C. (2023). Veterinary Quarterly, Informa UK Limited."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"SERNAPESCA (2023, September 07). Servicio Nacional de Pesca. Plataforma de Influenza Aviar. Available online: http:\/\/www.sernapesca.cl\/influenza-aviar."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2023, September 07). Nucleotide. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00445-06","article-title":"H7N3 Avian Influenza Virus Found in a South American Wild Duck Is Related to the Chilean 2002 Poultry Outbreak, Contains Genes from Equine and North American Wild Bird Lineages, and Is Adapted to Domestic Turkeys","volume":"80","author":"Spackman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.03.0053","article-title":"A One Health approach to mitigate the impact of influenza A virus (IAV) reverse zoonosis is by vaccinating humans and susceptible farmed and pet animals","volume":"84","author":"Kibenge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0904572","article-title":"Geographic Dependence, Surveillance, and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus","volume":"361","author":"Trifonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis and Virological Surveillance of Influenza, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230447","article-title":"Mammalian infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses renew concerns of pandemic potential","volume":"220","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022510-133710","article-title":"Avian Influenza: Public Health and Food Safety Concerns","volume":"2","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Gonzales, J.L., Kuiken, T., Marangon, S., Mirinaviciute, G., and Niqueux, \u00c9. (2023). Avian influenza overview December 2022\u2013March 2023. EFSA J., 21, e07917.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7917"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3255","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14551","article-title":"Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021","volume":"69","author":"Sagong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Shesheny, R., Moatasim, Y., Mahmoud, S.H., Song, Y., El Taweel, A., Gomaa, M., Kamel, M.N., El Sayes, M., Kandeil, A., and Lam, T.T.Y. (2022). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Live Bird Markets, Egypt. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010036"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Gonzales, J.L., Kuiken, T., Marangon, S., Niqueux, \u00c9., and Staubach, C. (2022). Avian influenza overview June\u2013September 2022. EFSA J., 20, e07597.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7597"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvey, J.A., Mullinax, J.M., Runge, M.C., and Prosser, D.J. (2023). The changing dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1: Next steps for management & science in North America. Biol. Conserv., 282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2023.110041"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2383","article-title":"Iceland as Stepping Stone for Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus between Europe and North America","volume":"28","author":"Krone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru","volume":"14","author":"Leguia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"eBird (2021). eBird: An Online Database of Bird Distribution and Abundance, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Available online: http:\/\/www.ebird.org."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.049","article-title":"Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: From exposure to establishment in humans","volume":"30","author":"Reperant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221538","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States","volume":"29","author":"Puryear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2300001","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Monne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-017","article-title":"Comparison of harbour seal diets in two inshore habitats of Atlantic Canada","volume":"74","author":"Bowen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, June 05). World Health Organization (WHO): Human Infection Caused by Avian Influenza A (H5N1)\u2014Chile. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON461."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Roa, C., Nelson, M.I., Ariyama, N., Aguayo, C., Almonacid, L.I., Munoz, G., Navarro, C., Avila, C., Ulloa, M., and Reyes, R. (2023). Cross-Species Transmission and PB2 Mammalian Adaptations of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A\/H5N1 Viruses in Chile. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.30.547205"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taad083","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad083","article-title":"The first case of human infection with H5N1 avian Influenza A virus in Chile","volume":"30","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vreman, S., Kik, M., Germeraad, E., Heutink, R., Harders, F., Spierenburg, M., Engelsma, M., Rijks, J., Brand, J.v.D., and Beerens, N. (2023). Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020168"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"234","article-title":"Reverse Zoonosis of COVID-19: Lessons From the 2009 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Kuiken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1637\/10889-062314-CaseRep","article-title":"Mature Turkey Breeder Hens Exposed to Pandemic Influenza H1N1: Resultant Effects on Morbidity, Mortality, and Fecundity","volume":"59","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"422","article-title":"Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de los pat\u00f3genos virales y bacterianos de aves silvestres en Chile","volume":"Volume 37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda. SciELO Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID)"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/10\/1252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:08:27Z","timestamp":1760130507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/10\/1252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12101252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12101252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}