{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:54:49Z","timestamp":1791456889135,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-15621S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-15621S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RVO 61388971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 61388971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","award":["21-15621S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-15621S"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","award":["RVO 61388971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 61388971"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gnotobiotic (GN) animals with simple and defined microbiota can help to elucidate host-pathogen interferences. Hysterectomy-derived germ-free (GF) minipigs were associated at 4 and 24 h post-hysterectomy with porcine commensal mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum RP36 (RP36) strain or non-mucinolytic strain RP37 (RP37) or at 4 h post-hysterectomy with Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA). One-week-old GN minipigs were infected with Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain (LT2). We monitored histological changes in the ileum, mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9 and their related molecules lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), coreceptors MD-2 and CD14, adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the ileum and colon. LT2 significantly induced expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, LBP, MD-2, and CD14 in the ileum and TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, LBP, and CD14 in the colon. The LT2 infection also significantly increased plasmatic levels of inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12\/23p40. The previous colonization with RP37 alleviated damage of the ileum caused by the Salmonella infection, and RP37 and LA downregulated plasmatic levels of IL-6. A defined oligo-microbiota composed of bacterial species with selected properties should probably be more effective in downregulating inflammatory response than single bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T05:01:08Z","timestamp":1698555668000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Commensal Bacteria Impact on Intestinal Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Salmonella-Challenged Gnotobiotic Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-7687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alla","family":"Splichalova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdislava","family":"Kindlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Killer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Neuzil Bunesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-2003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Vlkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Valaskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radko","family":"Pechar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Research, Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Polakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Splichal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5200","article-title":"The Spectrum of Inflammatory Responses","volume":"374","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the Asymptote? Evolution and Revolution in Immunology","volume":"54","author":"Janeway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","article-title":"Sterile Inflammation: Sensing and Reacting to Damage","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-Sensing Receptors in Sterile Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2215","article-title":"How Dying Cells Alert the Immune System to Danger","volume":"8","author":"Kono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity: Update on Toll-like Receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.12.004","article-title":"Molecular Determinants of Sterile Inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Kono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172487","article-title":"Enlightening the Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) in Inflammation: Updates on Receptor Signalling","volume":"858","author":"Paudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, K., and Dixit, V.M. (2012). Signaling in Innate Immunity and Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006049"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001266","article-title":"Immunosuppression Is Inappropriately Qualifying the Immune Status of Septic and SIRS Patients","volume":"52","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101311","article-title":"The Sterile Inflammatory Response","volume":"28","author":"Rock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01612-X","article-title":"Structural and Functional Analyses of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides","volume":"4","author":"Caroff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.05.001","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Detection across the Kingdoms of Life","volume":"38","author":"Kagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1568871","article-title":"Late-Onset Sepsis Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.06.001","article-title":"The \u201cCytokine Storm\u201d: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"42","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-061020-053734","article-title":"Tissue Homeostasis and Inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Meizlish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4142","article-title":"The Microbiome in Early Life: Implications for Health Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Tamburini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01025-4","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Preterm Infant Gut Microbiome Development","volume":"7","author":"Healy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00036-17","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","article-title":"The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-061120-014739","article-title":"Gut Colonization Mechanisms of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium: An Argument for Personalized Designs","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwoji, I.D., Aiyegoro, O.A., Okpeku, M., and Adeleke, M.A. (2021). Multi-Strain Probiotics: Synergy among Isolates Enhances Biological Activities. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040322"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09601-1","article-title":"A Multi-Strain Potential Probiotic Formulation of GABA-Producing Lactobacillus plantarum 90sk and Bifidobacterium adolescentis 150 with Antidepressant Effects","volume":"12","author":"Yunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00007-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00007-19","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection","volume":"83","author":"Ducarmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172667","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2172667","article-title":"Mouse Models for Bacterial Enteropathogen Infections: Insights into the Role of Colonization Resistance","volume":"15","author":"Herzog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.08.018","article-title":"Salmonella Epidemiology: A Whirlwind of Change","volume":"71","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00481","article-title":"Salmonella-Host Interactions\u2014Modulation of the Host Innate Immune System","volume":"5","author":"Hurley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.04.006","article-title":"Animals as Sources of Food-Borne Pathogens: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Heredia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100007","article-title":"Salmonella, the Host and Disease: A Brief Review","volume":"85","author":"Coburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9nard, S., Lacroix-Lamand\u00e9, S., Ehrhardt, K., Yan, J., Grassl, G.A., and Wiedemann, A. (2022). Cross-Talk Between the Intestinal Epithelium and Salmonella Typhimurium. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.906238"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.03.012","article-title":"Salmonella Infections in Immunocompromised Adults","volume":"56","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13585","article-title":"Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections in Children: Review of Literature and Recommendations for Management","volume":"53","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A Human Gut Microbial Gene Catalogue Established by Metagenomic Sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Estell\u00e9, J., Kiilerich, P., Ramayo-Caldas, Y., Xia, Z., Feng, Q., Liang, S., Pedersen, A.\u00d8., Kjeldsen, N.J., and Liu, C. (2016). A Reference Gene Catalogue of the Pig Gut Microbiome. Nat. Microbiol., 1.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.161"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd5758","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5758","article-title":"Importance of the Pig as a Human Biomedical Model","volume":"13","author":"Lunney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115142","article-title":"Translational Advances in Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology: New Insights from Pig Models","volume":"8","author":"Burrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.23867","article-title":"A Pig Model of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03206-9","article-title":"The Pig as a Model for Immunology Research","volume":"380","author":"Pabst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht293oa","article-title":"The Pig as a Model of Developmental Immunology","volume":"21","author":"Sowa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.11.002","article-title":"The Pig: A Model for Human Infectious Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Meurens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R179","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0325","article-title":"The Evolution of the Placenta","volume":"152","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac287","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac287","article-title":"Implications of Placentation Type on Species-Specific Colostrum Properties in Mammals","volume":"100","author":"Bigler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.07.007","article-title":"Humoral and Cellular Factors of Maternal Immunity in Swine","volume":"33","author":"Salmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fricke, W.F., and Ravel, J. (2021). Microbiome or No Microbiome: Are We Looking at the Prenatal Environment through the Right Lens?. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00947-1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05546-8","article-title":"Questioning the Fetal Microbiome Illustrates Pitfalls of Low-Biomass Microbial Studies","volume":"613","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Mu\u00f1oz, M.E., Arrieta, M.-C., Ramer-Tait, A.E., and Walter, J. (2017). A Critical Assessment of the \u201cSterile Womb\u201d and \u201cin Utero Colonization\u201d Hypotheses: Implications for Research on the Pioneer Infant Microbiome. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"428","article-title":"Gnotobiotic Pigs-Derivation and Rearing","volume":"42","author":"Miniats","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1258\/002367775780957214","article-title":"The Use of Laminar Flow for Obtaining Germ-Free Mice","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0367-2","article-title":"Host-Microbiota Interactions in Immune-Mediated Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Ruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichal, I., Rychlik, I., Splichalova, I., Karasova, D., and Splichalova, A. (2020). Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Ileum and Colon of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with Salmonella Typhimurium or Its Isogenic \u2206rfa Mutants. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090545"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"504","article-title":"Virulence of Wild and Mutant Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium in Ligated Intestinal Segments of Calves, Pigs, and Rabbits","volume":"48","author":"Clarke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18847","article-title":"The Microbiome and Innate Immunity","volume":"535","author":"Thaiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00220","article-title":"Preterm Life in Sterile Conditions: A Study on Preterm, Germ-Free Piglets","volume":"9","author":"Splichalova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1320-0","article-title":"Classification of Culturable Bifidobacterial Population from Colonic Samples of Wild Pigs (Sus Scrofa) Based on Three Molecular Genetic Methods","volume":"74","author":"Pechar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichalova, A., Pechar, R., Killer, J., Splichalova, Z., Bunesova, V.N., Vlkova, E., Salmonova, H.S., and Splichal, I. (2020). Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Mucinolytic and Non-Mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum Strains Isolated from the Intestine of Wild Boar and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8122002"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63508-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus sobrius Sp. Nov., Abundant in the Intestine of Weaning Piglets","volume":"56","author":"Konstantinov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5244","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5244-5249.1997","article-title":"Cellular Changes and Cytokine Expression in the Ilea of Gnotobiotic Piglets Resulting from Peroral Salmonella Typhimurium Challenge","volume":"65","author":"Trebichavsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/35101614","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium LT2","volume":"413","author":"McClelland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichal, I., Donovan, S.M., Splichalova, Z., Neuzil Bunesova, V., Vlkova, E., Jenistova, V., Killer, J., Svejstil, R., Skrivanova, E., and Splichalova, A. (2019). Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Commensal Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus mucosae, and Probiotic E. Coli Nissle 1917 and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080273"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13236","article-title":"Colonization of Preterm Gnotobiotic Piglets with Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Its Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"195","author":"Splichalova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e00088-18","article-title":"Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"87","article-title":"Gradual Disappearance of Vacuolated Enterocytes in the Small Intestine of Neonatal Piglets","volume":"58","author":"Skrzypek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"35","article-title":"Control of Development of Gastrointestinal System in Neonates","volume":"59","author":"Zabielski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100807","article-title":"Effects of Commensal Bacteria on Intestinal Morphology and Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Gnotobiotic Pig","volume":"231","author":"Shirkey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.011","article-title":"Seeing Is Understanding: Salmonella\u2019s Way to Penetrate the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"308","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3428","article-title":"Now You See Me, Now You Don\u2019t: The Interaction of Salmonella with Innate Immune Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Tsolis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00305.x","article-title":"Modulation of Natural Immunity in the Gut by Escherichia Coli Strain Nissle 1917","volume":"68","author":"Trebichavsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65432-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus sobrius Konstantinov et al. 2006 Is a Later Synonym of Lactobacillus amylovorus Nakamura 1981","volume":"58","author":"Murros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01485.x","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors 1 and 2 Cooperatively Mediate Immune Responses to Curli, a Common Amyloid from Enterobacterial Biofilms","volume":"12","author":"Nishimori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02370-14","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 2 and NLRP3 Cooperate to Recognize a Functional Bacterial Amyloid, Curli","volume":"83","author":"Rapsinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001170","article-title":"Thirty Years of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: A Review","volume":"53","author":"Capurso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichal, I., Donovan, S.M., Kindlova, Z., Stranak, Z., Neuzil Bunesova, V., Sinkora, M., Polakova, K., Valaskova, B., and Splichalova, A. (2023). Release of HMGB1 and Toll-like Receptors 2, 4, and 9 Signaling Are Modulated by Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. Lactis BB-12 and Salmonella Typhimurium in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model of Preterm Infants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032329"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, K., Al-Nakeeb, K., Koza, A., and Zeidan, A.A. (2021). Updated Genome Sequence for the Probiotic Bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. Lactis BB-12. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00078-21"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichal, I., Donovan, S.M., Jenistova, V., Splichalova, I., Salmonova, H., Vlkova, E., Neuzil Bunesova, V., Sinkora, M., Killer, J., and Skrivanova, E. (2019). High Mobility Group Box 1 and TLR4 Signaling Pathway in Gnotobiotic Piglets Colonized\/Infected with L. Amylovorus, L. Mucosae, E. Coli Nissle 1917 and S. Typhimurium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246294"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0419-x","article-title":"The Probiotic Escherichia Coli Strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) Stops Acute Diarrhoea in Infants and Toddlers","volume":"166","author":"Henker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318169034c","article-title":"Probiotic Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 versus Placebo for Treating Diarrhea of Greater than 4 Days Duration in Infants and Toddlers","volume":"27","author":"Henker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04283.x","article-title":"Interference of Bifidobacterium choerinum or Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 with Salmonella Typhimurium in Gnotobiotic Piglets Correlates with Cytokine Patterns in Blood and Intestine","volume":"163","author":"Splichalova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.21.5912-5925.2002","article-title":"A Single Nucleotide Exchange in the Wzy Gene Is Responsible for the Semirough O6 Lipopolysaccharide Phenotype and Serum Sensitivity of Escherichia Coli Strain Nissle 1917","volume":"184","author":"Grozdanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2182-2191.2003","article-title":"Rapid Protection of Gnotobiotic Pigs against Experimental Salmonellosis Following Induction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Avirulent Salmonella Enterica","volume":"71","author":"Foster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.4539-4547.2005","article-title":"Stimulation of Gp91 Phagocytic Oxidase and Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils by an Avirulent Salmonella Enterica Serovar Infantis Strain Protects Gnotobiotic Piglets from Lethal Challenge with Serovar Typhimurium Strain F98 without Inducing Intestinal Pathology","volume":"73","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.09.001","article-title":"Protection of Gnotobiotic Pigs against Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium by Rough Mutant of the Same Serotype Is Accompanied by the Change of Local and Systemic Cytokine Response","volume":"103","author":"Splichal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splichalova, A., Splichalova, Z., Karasova, D., Rychlik, I., Trevisi, P., Sinkora, M., and Splichal, I. (2019). Impact of the Lipopolysaccharide Chemotype of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Virulence in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090534"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9505-3","article-title":"Alarmin HMGB1 Is Released in the Small Intestine of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with Enteric Pathogens and Its Level in Plasma Reflects Severity of Sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Splichalova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00484","article-title":"Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.02.001","article-title":"HMGB1 Is a Critical Molecule in the Pathogenesis of Gram-Negative Sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Andersson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intensive Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.11.012","article-title":"Expression of Toll-like Receptors, Interleukin 8, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, and Osteopontin in Tissues from Pigs Challenged with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium or Serovar Choleraesuis","volume":"115","author":"Burkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931473","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931473","article-title":"Pathophysiology of RAGE in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400731","article-title":"The Gut Flora as a Forgotten Organ","volume":"7","author":"Shanahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","article-title":"Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans","volume":"164","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01569-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01569-20","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Temporally Modulates the Enteric Microbiota and Host Responses To Overcome Colonization Resistance in Swine","volume":"86","author":"Bescucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finamore, A., Roselli, M., Imbinto, A., Seeboth, J., Oswald, I.P., and Mengheri, E. (2014). Lactobacillus amylovorus Inhibits the TLR4 Inflammatory Signaling Triggered by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli via Modulation of the Negative Regulators and Involvement of TLR2 in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells and Pig Explants. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094891"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02993-5","article-title":"Biomarkers of Sepsis: Time for a Reappraisal","volume":"24","author":"Pierrakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10128","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201810128","article-title":"Sepsis Therapies: Learning from 30 Years of Failure of Translational Research to Propose New Leads","volume":"12","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System","volume":"16","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., and Kishimoto, T. (2014). IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Park, D.W., Moon, S., Cho, H.-J., Park, J.H., Seok, H., and Choi, W.S. (2019). Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Interleukin-6, Pentraxin 3, and Procalcitonin Levels among Sepsis and Septic Shock Patients: A Prospective Controlled Study According to the Sepsis-3 Definitions. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4618-7"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, F.-C. (2021). The Interleukins Orchestrate Mucosal Immune Responses to Salmonella Infection in the Intestine. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123492"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.07.026","article-title":"Local and Systemic Occurrences of HMGB1 in Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected with E. Coli O55 Are Related to Bacterial Translocation and Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"60","author":"Splichalova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.5","article-title":"Mucins in the Mucosal Barrier to Infection","volume":"1","author":"Linden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1086\/425021","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 Are Key Cytokines for Immunity against Salmonella in Humans","volume":"190","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awoniyi, M., Miller, S.I., Wilson, C.B., Hajjar, A.M., and Smith, K.D. (2012). Homeostatic Regulation of Salmonella-Induced Mucosal Inflammation and Injury by IL-23. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037311"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2366","article-title":"IL-12 Family Cytokines: Immunological Playmakers","volume":"13","author":"Vignali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stecher, B. (2021). Establishing Causality in Salmonella-Microbiota-Host Interaction: The Use of Gnotobiotic Mouse Models and Synthetic Microbial Communities. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151484"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e548","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.548","article-title":"Specific Localization and Quantification of the Oligo-Mouse-Microbiota (OMM12) by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)","volume":"2","author":"Brugiroux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvathova, K., Modrackova, N., Splichal, I., Splichalova, A., Amin, A., Ingribelli, E., Killer, J., Doskocil, I., Pechar, R., and Kodesova, T. (2023). Defined Pig Microbiota with a Potential Protective Effect against Infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041007"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/11\/1293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:43Z","timestamp":1760130823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/11\/1293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12111293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12111293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]}}}