{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:53:54Z","timestamp":1788414834468,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW001140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["933217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["933217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW001140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["933217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["933217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008096","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008096","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008096","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW001140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008096","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["933217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["933217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001454","name":"American Epilepsy Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001454","name":"American Epilepsy Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001454","name":"American Epilepsy Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW001140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW001140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001454","name":"American Epilepsy Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["933217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["933217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: This study presents the baseline characteristics of a community-level population of people with epilepsy (n = 1975) living in an area endemic for Taenia solium, the pathogen responsible for neurocysticercosis (NCC). (2) Methods: Participants were sequentially enrolled in a clinical cohort from 2007 to 2020 in Tumbes, Peru. All participants provided demographic and clinical history and received clinical evaluations. Diagnostics, including neuroimaging, cysticercosis serologies, and EEG, were obtained where possible. The data presented are from the cross-sectional baseline assessment of cohort participants. (3) Results: Approximately 38% of participants met the criteria for NCC. Those with NCC were more likely to have adult-onset epilepsy, as well as a longer duration of epilepsy, as compared to their counterparts without NCC. Overall, the data indicate a large treatment gap, with only approximately a quarter of the baseline population with prescriptions for anti-seizure medications. (4) Conclusions: These data reveal a high proportion of NCC among people living with epilepsy in these communities, with limited health care resources. At baseline, 74% of the population were not receiving anti-seizure treatments. Further analyses of these data will clarify the natural history of the disease for this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1698979316000},"page":"1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical Characteristics of Neurocysticercosis in a Peruvian Population-Based Epilepsy Cohort: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study of Baseline Clinical Intake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz M.","family":"Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes 24000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa T.","family":"Wardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science\u2014Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR 97236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 02002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia S.","family":"Sanchez-Boluarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 02002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3539-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier A.","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes 24000, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 02002, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 02002, Peru"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth","family":"O\u2019Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes 24000, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes 24000, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 02002, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 02002, Peru"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00097-3","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis","volume":"121","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Brutto, O.H. (2022). Human Neurocysticercosis: An Overview. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101212"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.187","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: Updates on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"51","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyano, L.M., Saito, M., Montano, S.M., Gonzalvez, G., Olaya, S., Ayvar, V., Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Larrauri, L., Tsang, V.C.W., and Llanos, F. (2014). Neurocysticercosis as a Cause of Epilepsy and Seizures in Two Community-Based Studies in a Cysticercosis-Endemic Region in Peru. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002692"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02711.x","article-title":"Temporal trends in the mortality of people with epilepsy: A review","volume":"51","author":"Neligan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14068","article-title":"The primary prevention of epilepsy: A report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Thurman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Commission on Tropical Diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy (1994). Relationship Between Epilepsy and Tropical Diseases. Epilepsia, 35, 89\u201393.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02916.x"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61381-6","article-title":"Epilepsy in poor regions of the world","volume":"380","author":"Newton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515520","article-title":"Elimination of Taenia solium Transmission in Northern Peru","volume":"374","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.3.783","article-title":"Validation of a screening questionnaire for the detection of epileptic seizures in epidemiological studies","volume":"115","author":"Placencia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnet, G., Pizzitutti, F., Gonzales-Gustavson, E.A., Gabri\u00ebl, S., Pan, W.K., Garcia, H.H., Bustos, J.A., Vilchez, P., O\u2019neal, S.E., and for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2022). CystiHuman: A model of human neurocysticercosis. PLoS Comput. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010118"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2014-0103","article-title":"Developmental Milestones Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture","volume":"37","author":"Scharf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.1.50","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"159","author":"Tsang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/597757","article-title":"Detection of taenia solium antigens and anti-t. solium antibodies in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with intraparenchymal or extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis","volume":"199","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"147","article-title":"Twenty-five years of evolution of standard diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. How have they impacted diagnosis and patient outcomes?","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.045","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis","volume":"372","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00057-3","article-title":"Imaging findings in neurocysticercosis","volume":"87","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13892","article-title":"On the relationship between calcified neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in an endemic village: A large-scale, computed tomography\u2013based population study in rural Ecuador","volume":"58","author":"Arroyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.67804.x","article-title":"Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural Bolivia: A population-based survey","volume":"46","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.36504.x","article-title":"Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Atahualpa: A Door-to-Door Survey in Rural Coastal Ecuador","volume":"46","author":"Brutto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03099.x","article-title":"Understanding the differences in prevalence of epilepsy in tropical regions","volume":"52","author":"Yemadje","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17112","article-title":"The worldwide epilepsy treatment gap: A systematic review and recommendations for revised definitions\u2013A report from the ILAE Epidemiology Commission","volume":"63","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruno, E., Bartoloni, A., Zammarchi, L., Strohmeyer, M., Bartalesi, F., Bustos, J.A., Santiva\u00f1ez, S., Garc\u00eda, H.H., Nicoletti, A., and the COHEMI Project Study Group (2013). Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002480"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.064147","article-title":"Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: A systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3880","article-title":"Antiseizure Medications for Adults with Epilepsy: A Review","volume":"327","author":"Kanner","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0721","article-title":"Management of epilepsy in resource-limited settings","volume":"17","author":"Caraballo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.5.1007","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of the Cysticercosis Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot in Patients with Neurocysticercosis","volume":"164","author":"Wilson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2015-04","article-title":"Comparative study of paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from neurocysticercosis patients for the detection of specific antibody to taenia solium immunodiagnostic antigen","volume":"43","author":"Sako","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70094-8","article-title":"Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"HGarcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/11\/1313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:27Z","timestamp":1760130987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/11\/1313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12111313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12111313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}