{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1791293802126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1973, the National Rabies Program was created in Brazil through an agreement between the Ministry of Health and Agriculture. Since its beginning, it developed integrated action through access to free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for people at risk, dog vaccination campaigns, a joint surveillance system, and awareness. This study aims to describe human rabies in Brazil under the One Health perspective in recent decades, including achievements in the control of dog-mediated cases and challenges in human cases transmitted by wild animals. This paper also explores possible drivers of human rabies in the Northeast Region with half of the cases. The first part of this study was descriptive, presenting data and examples by periods. Statistical analysis was performed in the last period (2010\u20132022) to explore possible drivers. Dog-mediated human cases decreased from 147 to 0, and dog cases decreased from 4500 to 7. A major challenge is now human cases transmitted by wild animals (bats, non-human primates, and wild canids). Most current human cases occur in municipalities with a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome and a Gini index higher than 0.5. In the multivariable analysis, an association with temperature was estimated (OR = 1.739; CI95% = 1.181\u20132.744), and primary healthcare coverage (OR = 0.947; CI95% = 0.915\u20130.987) was identified as a protector. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of dog-mediated human rabies cases through the efforts presented. However, Brazil has wildlife variants of the rabies virus circulating. The association of human cases with higher temperatures in the Northeast is a concern with climate change. To reduce human cases transmitted by wild animals, it is important to continue distributing free PEP, especially in remote at-risk areas in the Amazon Region, and to increase awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:02:42Z","timestamp":1699840962000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Fifty Years of the National Rabies Control Program in Brazil under the One Health Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8575-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil"},{"name":"PAHO\/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Duk","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phyllis Catharina","family":"Romijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PESAGRO-RIO, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24120-191, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelio Batista","family":"De Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fortaleza Municipal Health Department, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1 60025-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Montebello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria de Vigilancia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silene","family":"Manrique Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria de Vigilancia em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Sciancalepore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PAHO\/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Najera","family":"Hamrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PAHO\/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Uieda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Botany, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Ret.), Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6596-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volney de Magalh\u00e3es","family":"C\u00e2mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronir Raggio","family":"Luiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albino","family":"Belotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PAHO\/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"FUNASA (Fundacao SESP)\/Ministry of Health (Ret.), Brasilia 70070-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Can rabies be eradicated?","volume":"131","author":"Rupprechet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. 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