{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:22:15Z","timestamp":1790792535730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","award":["NIBR202325101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIBR202325101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in over 90% of cervical cancer cases, with factors like regional variability, HPV genotype, the population studied, HPV vaccination status, and anatomical sample collection location influencing the prevalence and pathology of HPV-induced cancer. HPV-16 and -18 are mainly responsible for the progression of several cancers, including cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. The oncogenic ability of HPV is not only sufficient for the progression of malignancy, but also for other tumor-generating steps required for the production of invasive cancer, such as coinfection with other viruses, lifestyle factors such as high parity, smoking, tobacco chewing, use of contraceptives for a long time, and immune responses such as stimulation of chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment. Viral evasion from immunosurveillance also supports viral persistence, and virus-like particle-based prophylactic vaccines have been licensed, which are effective against high-risk HPV types. In addition, vaccination awareness programs and preventive strategies could help reduce the rate and incidence of HPV infection. In this review, we emphasize HPV infection and its role in cancer progression, molecular and immunopathogenesis, host immune response, immune evasion by HPV, vaccination, and preventive schemes battling HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:31:25Z","timestamp":1700739085000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meenu","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urmila","family":"Jarouliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Chavda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipin","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31825caa36","article-title":"Hpv: Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment","volume":"55","author":"Hathaway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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