{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1792789907676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI98\/0310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI98\/0310"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI06\/0532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI06\/0532"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI12\/0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI12\/0129"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI15CIII\/00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15CIII\/00028"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI18CIII\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18CIII\/00009"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI21CIII\/00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21CIII\/00019"]}]},{"name":"FIS of the Carlos III Institute","award":["PI21\/00377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00377"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI98\/0310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI98\/0310"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI06\/0532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI06\/0532"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI12\/0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI12\/0129"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI15CIII\/00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15CIII\/00028"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI18CIII\/00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18CIII\/00009"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI21CIII\/00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21CIII\/00019"]}]},{"name":"MSD MISP: IISP 60255","award":["PI21\/00377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchiolitis is a viral respiratory infection, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most frequent agent, requiring hospitalization in 1% of affected children. However, there continues to be a noteworthy incidence of antibiotic prescription in this setting, further exacerbating the global issue of antibiotic resistance. This study, conducted at Severo Ochoa Hospital in Madrid, Spain, focused on antibiotic usage in children under 2 years of age who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis between 2004 and 2022. In that time, 5438 children were admitted with acute respiratory infection, and 1715 infants (31.5%) with acute bronchiolitis were included. In total, 1470 (87%) had a positive viral identification (66% RSV, 32% HRV). Initially, antibiotics were prescribed to 13.4% of infants, but this percentage decreased to 7% during the COVID-19 pandemic thanks to adherence to guidelines and the implementation of rapid and precise viral diagnostic methods in the hospital. HBoV- and HAdV-infected children and those with viral coinfections were more likely to receive antibiotics in the univariate analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically independent association between antibiotic prescription and fever &gt; 38 \u00b0C (p &lt; 0.001), abnormal chest-X ray (p &lt; 0.001), ICU admission (p = 0.015), and serum CRP (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, following guidelines and the availability of rapid and reliable viral diagnostic methods dramatically reduces the unnecessary use of antibiotics in infants with severe bronchiolitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T06:45:35Z","timestamp":1701153935000},"page":"1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antibiotic Utilization in Hospitalized Children with Bronchiolitis: A Prospective Study Investigating Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics at a Secondary Hospital in Madrid (2004\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luz","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red 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Aut\u00f3noma Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Alonso-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute (IDIPHISA), 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute (IDIPHISA), 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Tena-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Puerta de Hierro Health Research Institute 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