{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:31:20Z","timestamp":1789011080974,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2000\u20132020. The overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG was 32.1%, with great variability between countries (n = 30). The subgroup analysis identified different pooled prevalence data depending on the geographic area (p &lt; 0.0001), target population (p = 0.0147), and serological diagnosis assays used (p = 0.0059). A high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p &lt; 0.001; Q = 3.5e+05, d.f. = 135, p &lt; 0.001) and degree of publication bias (Egger\u2019s test = 6.14, p &lt; 0.001) were observed among the 134 studies considered. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii IgM, which was reported in 64.7% of studies, reached a pooled seroprevalence of 0.6%. In addition, among the eight main risk factors identified, \u201ccontact with soil\u201d, \u201cconsumption of undercooked beef\u201d, and \u201cintake of unwashed vegetables\u201d were the most significantly associated with infections. The fact that one-third of the European population has been exposed to T. gondii justifies extra efforts to harmonize surveillance systems and develop additional risk-factor analyses based on detailed source attribution assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T03:25:31Z","timestamp":1702265131000},"page":"1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Calero-Bernal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange Mar\u00eda","family":"Gennari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in One Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, S\u00e3o Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Yn\u00e9s","family":"Salas-Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arantxa","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Ortega-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. 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