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Spain)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018FCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018FCT"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018FCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137947\/2018FCT"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has contributed to the dissemination of multiresistant bacteria, which represents a public health concern. The aim of this work was to characterize 27 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from eight wild Northeast Atlantic hakes (Merluccius merluccius, L.) and taxonomically identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 16), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 4), Staphylococcus hominis (n = 3), Staphylococcus pasteuri (n = 2), Staphylococcus edaphicus (n = 1), and Staphylococcus capitis (n = 1). Biofilm formation was evaluated with a microtiter assay, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, and antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants were detected by PCR. Our results showed that all staphylococci produced biofilms and that 92.6% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, mainly penicillin (88.8%), fusidic acid (40.7%), and erythromycin (37%). The penicillin resistance gene (blaZ) was detected in 66.6% (18) of the isolates, of which 10 also carried resistance genes to macrolides and lincosamides (mphC, msr(A\/B), lnuA, or vgaA), 4 to fusidic acid (fusB), and 3 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (dfrA). At least one virulence gene (scn, hla, SCCmecIII, and\/or SCCmecV) was detected in 48% of the isolates. This study suggests that wild European hake destined for human consumption could act as a vector of CoNS carrying antibiotic resistance genes and\/or virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T12:00:37Z","timestamp":1702468837000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Virulence Factors, and Biofilm Formation in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp. Isolates from European Hakes (Merluccius merluccius, L.) Caught in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"D\u00edaz-Formoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Contente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Feito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo E.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Borrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa del","family":"del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Atienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Cintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrici\u00f3n, Bromatolog\u00eda, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2023, September 01). The FAO Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i5996s\/i5996s.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2023, September 01). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/cc0461es."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente (MAPA) (2023, September 15). El Mercado de la Merluza en Espa\u00f1a. El mercado de la Merluza en Espa\u00f1a, Available online: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/pesca\/temas\/mercados-economia-pesquera\/informemerluzaabril2016_tcm30-291641.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n (MAPA) (2023, September 15). Estad\u00edsticas Pesqueras: Pesca Mar\u00edtima, Available online: https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/estadistica\/temas\/estadisticas-pesqueras\/pesca-maritima\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, September 17). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78849-3","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Schar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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