{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:44:20Z","timestamp":1760150660294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surveillance of the renal allograft recipient is essential when monitoring renal function to detect the early onset of rejection and alter therapeutic treatments to treat acute rejection or other causes and improve long-term graft function. If renal function begins to deteriorate, a renal biopsy is often indicated to assess the Banff grade of potential rejection or other causes, especially in the setting of polyoma BK viral load elevation. Although BK infection in the allograft is asymptomatic, reactivation of the virus is known to be associated with the acceleration of pathologic change and a poor outcome in the allograft. BK reactivation in a transplant kidney is not uncommon, and determining inflammation related to the virus versus acute rejection is paramount for appropriate immunosuppressive therapy management. We identified a concomitant polyoma BK virus and West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in two renal transplant patients which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported. However, other concomitant infections have been reported in renal allografts including BK virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV), CMV and hepatitis C (HCV), and HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As WNV has become endemic in many regions of the United States, and since the transmission of the virus via transplanted organs is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, it may be prudent to consider serologic screening for WNV in living donors prior to organ procurement. Regardless, the observation we made and report here should underscore the potential for concomitant viral infections that may be masked when a renal allograft has a significant inflammatory response to BK virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"1456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Concomitant Polyoma BK Virus and West Nile Virus in Renal Allografts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Riddhish T.","family":"Sheth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia Y.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira F.","family":"Gohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obi","family":"Ekwenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"William T.","family":"Gunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2006.04.008","article-title":"Infectious complications in renal transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. 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