{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:37:44Z","timestamp":1791916664548,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses predominantly transmitted by arthropods (mainly mosquitoes) that cause severe endemic infections and epidemics on a global scale. They represent a major cause of systemic morbidity and death and are expanding worldwide. Among this group, dengue fever, the West Nile virus, yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, and, recently, the Zika virus have been linked to a spectrum of ocular manifestations. These manifestations encompass subconjunctival hemorrhages and conjunctivitis, anterior and posterior uveitis (inclusive of vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal vasculitis), maculopathy, retinal hemorrhages, and optic neuritis. Clinical diagnosis of these infectious diseases is primarily based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular involvement. Diagnosis confirmation relies on laboratory testing, including RT-PCR and serological testing. Ocular involvement typically follows a self-limited course but can result in irreversible visual impairment. Effective treatments of flavivirus infections are currently unavailable. Prevention remains the mainstay for arthropod vector and zoonotic disease control. Effective vaccines are available only for the yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and Japanese Encephalitis virus. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of the foremost flavivirus-associated human diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T11:26:52Z","timestamp":1702639612000},"page":"1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ocular Manifestations of Flavivirus Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sourour Meziou","family":"Zina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautier","family":"Hoarau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1680-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Labetoulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"},{"name":"Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moncef","family":"Khairallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"},{"name":"Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02633958","article-title":"Insect-Transmitted Vertebrate Viruses: Flaviviridae","volume":"29","author":"Ludwig","year":"1993","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. 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