{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:59:54Z","timestamp":1781881194139,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinella spp. are etiological zoonotic agents that spread throughout the world and affect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Within this genus, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. This species has been reported in the majority of European countries, and the real epidemiological scenario of this species remains to be defined because its detection in mammals is much lower than that of the capsulated species. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of Trichinella larvae isolated from the muscles of a jackal from the hunting fund of 36 Murfatlar, Constanta County, Romania. The muscle samples were examined by artificial digestion, and the larvae were identified at the species level by multiplex PCR. The presence of larvae belonging to T. pseudospiralis, a species more frequently reported in carnivorous birds, was observed. This study describes the first identification of T. pseudospiralis in a jackal. The results suggest that there is an urgent need to investigate which species of mammals and\/or birds act as reservoirs for this zoonotic nematode in Romania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1703830693000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First Identification of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) in Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8535-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Cornel","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Faculty, Transilvania University Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Marucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Cherchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcisa","family":"Mederle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.01.003","article-title":"Hiding in plain sight: Discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo)","volume":"50","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.05.010","article-title":"New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle","volume":"43","author":"Pozio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00427-7","article-title":"New patterns of Trichinella infections","volume":"98","author":"Pozio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.006","article-title":"Hosts and habitats of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Pozio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.034","article-title":"Trichinella species circulating among wild and domestic animals in Romania","volume":"159","author":"Blaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109545","article-title":"The European badger, Meles meles, as a new host for Trichinella britovi in Romania","volume":"297","author":"Boros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00178","article-title":"A review of Trichinella species infection in wild animals in Romania","volume":"27","author":"Gherman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacob, O., Chiru\u021b\u0103, C., and Mare\u0219, M. (2022). Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi in North-Eastern Romania: A Six-Year Retrospective Multicentric Survey. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090509"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.021","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis an elusive nematode","volume":"231","author":"Pozio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"90","article-title":"Species of Trichinella isolated from wild animals","volume":"10","author":"Garkavi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Veterinariya."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL190411017P","article-title":"Trichinella and trichinellosis in Europe","volume":"73","author":"Pozio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). International Trichinella Reference Center (ITRC) at the \u201cIstituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0\u201d in Rome, Italy. Available online: http:\/\/trichi.vattawin.it\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.185","article-title":"Identification of Trichinella pseudospiralis from a human case using random amplified polymorphic DNA","volume":"53","author":"Andrews","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1086\/516278","article-title":"First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis","volume":"26","author":"Jongwutiwes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000517","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis outbreak in France","volume":"6","author":"Ranque","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerging. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Morales, M.A., Amati, M., Ludovisi, A., Mazzarello, G., Viscoli, C., and Pozio, E. (2015, January 14\u201318). Inference of the Trichinella species causing a human outbreak by serology. Proceedings of the Abstract Book of 14th International Conference on Trichinellosis, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12761","article-title":"Second outbreak of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Europe: Clinical patterns, epidemiological investigation and identification of the etiological agent based on the western blot patterns of the patients\u2019 serum","volume":"68","author":"Mazzarello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023, November 03). Ordinul Ministerului Mediului, Apelor \u0219i P\u0103durilor nr. 2847\/24.11.2022 Studii de evaluare a speciilor de faun\u0103 cinegetic\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Available online: http:\/\/www.mmediu.ro\/categorie\/efective\/292."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Micu, I., Cotta, V., and Bodea, M. (2008). V\u00e2natul Rom\u00e2niei, Ceres."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2478\/foecol-2020-0011","article-title":"Golden jackal, a natural disperser or an invasive alien species in Slovakia? A summary within European context","volume":"47","author":"Urban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Oecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12235","article-title":"Diet composition of the golden jackal Canis aureus in south-east Europe\u2014A review","volume":"51","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00154","article-title":"The impact of globalization and climate change on Trichinella spp. epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Pozio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"9","article-title":"Golden jackal expansion in Europe: A case of mesopredator release triggered by continent-wide wolf persecution?","volume":"28","author":"Krofel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hystrix Ital. J. Mamm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2329-8","article-title":"A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species","volume":"10","author":"Gherman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.032","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spiralis in golden jackals (Canis aureus) of Hungary","volume":"197","author":"Marucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veronesi, F., Deak, G., and Diakou, A. (2023). Wild Mesocarnivores as Reservoirs of Endoparasites Causing Important Zoonoses and Emerging Bridging Infections across Europe. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020178"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.04.027","article-title":"Jackals as cleaners: Ecosystem services provided by a mesocarnivore in human-dominated landscapes","volume":"199","author":"Krofel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Ordinul Ministrului Mediului, Apelor \u0219i P\u0103durilor nr. 1571\/07.06.2022 Privind Aprobarea Cotelor de Recolt\u0103 Pentru Unele specii de Faun\u0103 de Interes Cinegetic. Available online: http:\/\/www.mmediu.ro."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015\/1375 of 10 August 2015 Laying down Specific Rules on Official Controls for Trichinella in Meat (Codification). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32015R1375."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D. (2010). Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420076448"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00107-1","article-title":"A multiplex PCR for unequivocal differentiation of all encapsulated and non-encapsulated genotypes of Trichinella","volume":"29","author":"Zarlenga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00110-2","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis populations of the Palearctic region and their relationship with populations of the Nearctic and Australian regions","volume":"31","author":"Marucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.022","article-title":"A large-scale study of the Trichinella genus in the golden jackal (Canis aureus) population in Serbia","volume":"212","author":"Vasilev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00338","article-title":"The golden jackal (Canis aureus): A new host for Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella britovi in Switzerland","volume":"164","author":"Frey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1300028X","article-title":"Trichinella britovi in the jackal Canis aureus from south-west Iran","volume":"88","author":"Mirjalali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.2.457","article-title":"First identification of Trichinella spp. in golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Romania","volume":"44","author":"Blaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.11.013","article-title":"First record of Trichinella pseudospiralis in the Slovak Republic found in domestic focus","volume":"128","author":"Pozio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109129","article-title":"Fifteen years since the first record of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Slovakia: What\u2019s new?","volume":"297","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4rssin, A., H\u00e4kkinen, L., Vilem, A., Jokelainen, P., and Lassen, B. (2021). Trichinella spp. in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa), Brown Bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx) and Badgers (Meles meles) in Estonia, 2007\u20132014. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010183"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.004","article-title":"First reports of Trichinella pseudospiralis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) of Italy","volume":"178","author":"Merialdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.05.002","article-title":"First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus italicus)","volume":"15","author":"Ricchiuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07165-0","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis in a red kite (Milvus milvus) from Italy","volume":"120","author":"Marucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.09.006","article-title":"Trichinella surveillance program in wild birds, Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy), 2006-2021. First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in Italy","volume":"19","author":"Rugna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.07.034","article-title":"Trichinella nativa in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: Possible different origins","volume":"198","author":"Pozio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-013-0121-2","article-title":"First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Poland, in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"58","author":"Moskwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.01.011","article-title":"First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a red fox in mainland Britain","volume":"208","author":"Learmount","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.03.007","article-title":"First detection of Trichinella pseudospiralis infection in raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Central Europe","volume":"254","author":"Cybulska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.067","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from Croatia","volume":"159","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2015-0066","article-title":"The first report of Trichinella pseudospiralis presence in domestic swine and T. britovi in wild boar in Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"60","author":"Santrac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.020","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis foci in Sweden","volume":"125","author":"Pozio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.031","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis mixed infection in a wild boar (Sus scrofa) of Germany","volume":"137","author":"Reckinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.035","article-title":"Spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis of domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary","volume":"183","author":"Marucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.004","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis in the Iberian peninsula","volume":"210","author":"Zamora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"100172","article-title":"Trichinella spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Croatia during an eight-year study (2010-2017)","volume":"29","author":"Marucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.044","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis from a wild pig in Texas","volume":"132","author":"Gamble","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0674-z","article-title":"High prevalence of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi)","volume":"8","author":"Reichard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"100609","article-title":"Detection of Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella pseudospiralis in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Oklahoma","volume":"25","author":"Reichard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.06.005","article-title":"Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.01.001","article-title":"First finding of Trichinella pseudospiralis in the Neotropical region","volume":"208","author":"Krivokapich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110896","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0057","article-title":"Evidence of Trichinella spiralis in Timis County, Romania: A report of a winter trichinellosis outbreak in 2008 due to consumption of contaminated pork","volume":"10","author":"Neghina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavel, R., Ursoniu, S., Paduraru, A.A., Lighezan, R., Lupu, M.A., and Olariu, T.R. (2022). Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Trichinella spiralis Infection in Blood Donors from Western Romania. Medicina (Kaunas), 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010128"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.02.008","article-title":"Towards a standardised surveillance for Trichinella in the European Union","volume":"99","author":"Alban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2011.00185.x","article-title":"Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe","volume":"42","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:04Z","timestamp":1760132644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13010032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13010032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]}}}