{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:00:32Z","timestamp":1790175632626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 NU2GGH001874-02-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 NU2GGH001874-02-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abattoir workers are liable to zoonotic infections from animals and animal products, primarily to diseases with asymptomatic and chronic clinical manifestations in animals, such as brucellosis. No published reports exist on the seroprevalence of brucellosis in abattoir workers in South Africa. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the occurrence and risk factors for Brucella exposure in abattoir workers in Gauteng Province. A total of 103 abattoir workers and managers from 6 abattoirs, where brucellosis-positive slaughtered cattle and sheep were previously detected, were interviewed and tested with serological assays using the Rose Bengal test (RBT), BrucellaCapt, and IgG-ELISA. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to consenting respondents to obtain information on risk factors for brucellosis. Of the 103 respondents tested, the distribution of female and male workers was 16 (15.5%) and 87 (84.5%), respectively. The seroprevalence for exposure to brucellosis was 21\/103 (20.4%, 95%CI: 13.1\u201329.5) using a combination of RBT, BrucellaCapt, or IgG-ELISA. For test-specific results, seroprevalences by RBT, BrucellaCapt, and IgG-ELISA were 13\/103 (12.6%, 95%CI: 6.9\u201320.6), 9\/103 (8.74%, 95%CI: 4.1\u201315.9), and 18\/103 (17.5%, 95%CI: 10.7\u201326.2), respectively. Low-throughput abattoirs were identified as associated risks, as 29.3% of workers were seropositive compared with 12.7% of workers in high-throughput abattoirs, which highlights that direct contact at abattoirs poses higher risk to workers than indirect and direct contact outside abattoirs. This study confirms the occurrence of Brucella spp. antibodies among abattoir workers in South Africa, possibly due to occupational exposure to Brucella spp., and highlights the occupational hazard to workers. Furthermore, findings underscore that abattoir facilities can serve as points for active and passive surveillance for indicators of diseases of public health importance. We recommend periodic implementation of brucellosis testing of abattoir workers country-wide to establish baseline data for informing appropriate preventive practices and reducing the potential burden of infection rates among these high-risk workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T10:48:06Z","timestamp":1704797286000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Brucellosis Seropositivity Using Three Serological Tests and Associated Risk Factors in Abattoir Workers in Gauteng Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis B.","family":"Kolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0182, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-9421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiodun A.","family":"Adesiyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0182, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Folorunso O.","family":"Fasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0182, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernice N.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2840-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2132, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Byaruhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0182, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermanus De Wet","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2132, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucille","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2132, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Frean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2132, South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0182, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888","article-title":"Risk factors for human disease emergence","volume":"356","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Slingenbergh, J. (2013). World Livestock 2013: Changing Disease Landscapes."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2010). Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12200","article-title":"Development of Disease-specific, Context-specific Surveillance Models: Avian Influenza (H5N1)-Related Risks and Behaviours in African Countries","volume":"63","author":"Fasina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl, D.L., Bateman, K.G., McNab, W.B., and Berke, O. (2015). Suitability of sentinel abattoirs for syndromic surveillance using provincially inspected bovine abattoir condemnation data. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0349-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.018","article-title":"Abattoir surveillance: The US experience","volume":"112","author":"Kaneene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.T., Sobur, M.A., Islam, M.S., Ievy, S., Hossain, M.J., El Zowalaty, M.E., Rahman, A.T., and Ashour, H.M. (2020). Zoonotic diseases: Etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franc, K.A., Krecek, R.C., Hasler, B.N., and Arenas-Gamboa, A.M. (2018). Brucellosis remains a neglected disease in the developing world: A call for interdisciplinary action. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5016-y"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"177","article-title":"Current methods of human and animal brucellosis diagnostics","volume":"3","author":"Smirnova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.296","article-title":"Diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife","volume":"51","author":"Godfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Magill, A.J., Hill, D.R., Solomon, T., and Ryan, E.T. (2013). Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease, W.B. Saunders. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005003","article-title":"From the discovery of the Malta fever\u2019s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis","volume":"36","author":"Godfroid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Alton, G.G., Nielsen, K., and Duncan, J.R. (1990). Brucella Suis, CRC Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Carmichael, L.E., Nielsen, K., and Duncan, J.R. (1990). Brucella Canis, CRC Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970219","article-title":"Brucellosis: An overview","volume":"3","author":"Corbel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801004010072","article-title":"Brucellosis-risk factors and prevalence: A review","volume":"4","author":"Lopes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Vet. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052","article-title":"Global estimate of human brucellosis incidence","volume":"29","author":"Laine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2197","article-title":"Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries","volume":"32","author":"McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.26719\/2000.6.4.796","article-title":"Fifty years of veterinary public health activities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"6","author":"Abdou","year":"2000","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J. La Rev. De Sante De La Mediterr. Orient."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zajtchuk, R., and Bellamy, R. (1997). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"601","article-title":"Zoonoses as occupational diseases","volume":"44","author":"Battelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.2.283","article-title":"An overview of human brucellosis","volume":"21","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","article-title":"The new global map of human brucellosis","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"233","article-title":"Brucellosis in humans-etiology, diagnostics, clinical forms","volume":"20","author":"Galinska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Corbel, M.J. (2006). Brucellosis in Humans and Animals."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"28","article-title":"Seroprevalences of brucellosis, Q-fever and toxoplasmosis in slaughter livestock in Trinidad","volume":"49","author":"Adesiyun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Livest. Vet. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.4.641-643.1982","article-title":"Isolation of Two Brucella abortus Biotypes from Tissues of a Naturally Infected Cow","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"342","article-title":"Human brucellosis in South Africa","volume":"36","author":"Schrire","year":"1962","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"57","article-title":"Brucella serology in abattoir workers","volume":"20","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esmaeili, S., Naddaf, S.R., Pourhossein, B., Shahraki, A.H., Amiri, F.B., Gouya, M.M., and Mostafavi, E. (2016). Seroprevalence of Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, and Q Fever among Butchers and Slaughterhouse Workers in South-Eastern Iran. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144953"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.16.103.2143","article-title":"Human brucellosis: Seroprevalence and associated exposure factors among abattoir workers in Abuja, Nigeria-2011","volume":"16","author":"Aworh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702008000200007","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaina, Tocantins","volume":"12","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"062","article-title":"Prevalence of brucella antibodies in marketed milk in Jos and environs","volume":"4","author":"Bertu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2019.0752","article-title":"Occupational hazards associated with human brucellosis in abattoir settings: A case study of Dodoma abattoir in Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Luwumba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J., Gerhart, B., and Wright, P. (2006). Human Resources Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, Tenth Global Edition, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"29","article-title":"Occupational Health Hazards among Abattoir Workers in Abeokuta","volume":"5","author":"Banjo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad. Arena"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindasamy, K., Thompson, P.N., Harris, B.N., Rossouw, J., Abernethy, D.A., and Etter, E. (2021). Bovine Brucellosis in Gauteng, South Africa: Seroprevalence amongst Cattle Handlers and Variables Associated with Seropositive Cattle Herds, 2014\u20132016. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121547"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"178","article-title":"The brucellosis survey in South Africa","volume":"20","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"75","article-title":"Scheme for the control and eventual eradication of bovine brucellosis (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"51","author":"Bosman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"185","article-title":"A brucellosis serological survey on beef cattle slaughtered at Cato Ridge Abattoir","volume":"55","author":"Bishop","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D6-431","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Brucella species in cattle, sheep and goats obtained from selected municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Caine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.190","article-title":"Seroprevalence and characterization of Brucella species in cattle slaughtered at Gauteng abattoirs, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Kolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.363","article-title":"A retrospective study (2007\u20132015) on brucellosis seropositivity in livestock in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Kolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.6.1141-1146.2003","article-title":"Immunochromatographic Brucella-specific immunoglobulin M and G lateral flow assays for rapid serodiagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"10","author":"Smits","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, R., Casanova, A., Ariza, J., and Moriyon, I. (2011). The Rose Bengal Test in human brucellosis: A neglected test for the diagnosis of a neglected disease. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000950"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2204","article-title":"New developments in the diagnostic procedures for zoonotic brucellosis in humans","volume":"32","author":"Sprague","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"DAFF (2019, April 03). Livestock Numbers Fact Sheet: Agroecology, Available online: https:\/\/www.daff.gov.za\/daffweb3\/Home\/Crop-Estimates\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"9","article-title":"Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies","volume":"1","author":"Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"391","article-title":"A comparison of standard serological tests for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Canada","volume":"49","author":"Stemshorn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Peeridogaheh, H., Golmohammadi, M.G., and Pourfarzi, F. (2013). Evaluation of ELISA and Brucellacapt tests for diagnosis of human Brucellosis. Iran. J. Microbiol., 5."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019, April 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"DAFF (2019, April 03). Bovine Brucellosis Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.nda.agric.za\/vetweb\/pamphlets&Information\/Policy\/Brucellosis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"33","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.162018","article-title":"Brucella neotomae infection in humans, Costa Rica","volume":"23","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cattle Brucellosis in Animal Herds of the Namibe Province in Angola","volume":"47","author":"Mufinda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Qu, C., Sai, L., Wen, S., Yang, L., Wang, S., Yang, H., Liu, H., and Wang, G. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy of serological testing of clinical specimens collected from patients with suspected brucellosis. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011131"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.02.2012.02.0042","article-title":"Evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for human Brucellosis in an endemic area","volume":"2","author":"Oldacay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.483","article-title":"Characterisation of Brucella species and biovars in South Africa between 2008 and 2018 using laboratory diagnostic data","volume":"7","author":"Matle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledwaba, M.B., Glover, B.A., Matle, I., Profiti, G., Martelli, P.L., Casadio, R., Zilli, K., Janowicz, A., Marotta, F., and Garofolo, G. (2021). Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Brucella abortus Isolates from Various Regions of South Africa. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030570"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i9.11020","article-title":"Human brucellosis in South Africa: Public health and diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"106","author":"Wojno","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAMJ\u2014S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2313.2002","article-title":"Persistence of Brucella antibodies after successful treatment of acute brucellosis in an area of endemicity","volume":"40","author":"Almuneef","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"291","article-title":"Undulant fever","volume":"6","author":"Strachan","year":"1932","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TeshomeYimer, B., Feleke, B.E., Bogale, K.A., and Tsegaye, G.W. (2021). Factors Associated with Human Brucellosis among patients Attending in Ayu Primary Hospital, North Showa, Ethiopia: ACase Control Study. Ethiop. J. Health Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v31i4.4"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12856","article-title":"Human-to-human transmission of Brucella\u2014A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Tuon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:43:09Z","timestamp":1760103789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}