{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:28:01Z","timestamp":1790832481562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["119S435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119S435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deva holding ila\u00e7 A\u015e","award":["119S435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119S435"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to explore the effectiveness and safety of Myxoma virus (MYXV) in MM cell lines and primary myeloma cells obtained from patients with multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells were isolated from MM patients and cultured. MYXV, lenalidomide, and bortezomib were used in MM cells. The cytotoxicity assay was investigated using WST-1. Apoptosis was assessed through flow cytometry with Annexin V\/PI staining and caspase-9 concentrations using ELISA. To explore MYXV entry into MM cells, monoclonal antibodies were used. Moreover, to explore the mechanisms of MYXV entry into MM cells, we examined the level of GFP-labeled MYXV within the cells after blocking with monoclonal antibodies targeting BCMA, CD20, CD28, CD33, CD38, CD56, CD86, CD117, CD138, CD200, and CD307 in MM cells. The study demonstrated the effects of treating Myxoma virus with lenalidomide and bortezomib. The treatment resulted in reduced cell viability and increased caspase-9 expression. Only low-dose CD86 blockade showed a significant difference in MYXV entry into MM cells. The virus caused an increase in the rate of apoptosis in the cells, regardless of whether it was administered alone or in combination with drugs. The groups with the presence of the virus showed higher rates of early apoptosis. The Virus, Virus + Bortezomib, and Virus + Lenalidomide groups had significantly higher rates of early apoptosis (p &lt; 0.001). However, the measurements of late apoptosis and necrosis showed variability. The addition of MYXV resulted in a statistically significant increase in early apoptosis in both newly diagnosed and refractory MM patients. Our results highlight that patient-based therapy should also be considered for the effective management of MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T11:43:53Z","timestamp":1705059833000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Myxoma Virus Combination Therapy Enhances Lenalidomide and Bortezomib Treatments for Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alpay","family":"Ye\u015filaltay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ba\u015fkent University Istanbul, Istanbul 34662, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Muz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berna","family":"Erdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00fcrker","family":"Bilgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahad\u0131r","family":"Batar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burhan","family":"Turgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birol","family":"Top\u00e7u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu Alt\u0131nda\u011f","family":"Avc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirda\u011f Nam\u0131k Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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